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Adjectives and Adverbs

This lecture explores the essential role of adjectives in English, including their comparative and superlative forms (e.g., big, bigger, biggest). It clarifies how core adjectives function as attributive (modifying nouns) and predicative (describing the subject) elements in sentences. Key points include examples of adjectives that only serve specific grammatical roles, usage in noun phrases, and the distinction between gradable and non-gradable adjectives. Additionally, it discusses the formation of compound adjectives and their placement within sentences.

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Adjectives and Adverbs

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  1. Adjectives and Adverbs Lecture 6

  2. 形容词 • 形容词有比较级和最高级，如big, bigger, biggest. • 核心形容词可用作定语和表语 • 形容词做定语修饰名词，构成名词词组的一部分，位于中心名词之前。 • Scientific examination, chemical analysis

  3. 用作表语的形容词说明名词词组的特征，可位于系动词后面来说明主语。用作表语的形容词说明名词词组的特征，可位于系动词后面来说明主语。 • That’ll be quite impressive. • 也可用来说明宾语: • Even Oscar Wilde called it charming.

  4. 有些形容词只能用作定语或者表语。 • Unable只用作表语；mere只用作定语 • The student was totally unable to answer them. • He had lost his reputation as a strong man, having been defeated twice by a mere boy.

  5. able, aloof, aware 等形容词通常用作表语: • Clients will be able to trade electronically. • In some ways, you are aloof too. • Charlton is aware of the problem.

  6. 以前缀a-开头的形容词大多用作表语: • Abed, ablaze, afraid, abreast, aghast（吓呆的）, aglow（发亮地）, alike, alive, alone, askew（斜，歪）, asleep, aware

  7. 其他形容词: • Glad, easier, ill, impossible, ready, sure • 以后缀–al结尾的形容词通常用作定语： • chemical, industrial, general, local, national, social

  8. 形容词后置 • 形容词位于中心词之后 • No one, anything, somebody • It’s a shame if you haven’t got anyone musical here. • Something cold and refreshing • I think they are doing everything possible to protect the workers. • He said the only details available had come from Mr Garrod’s family.

  9. 固定词组 • Attorney general, heir apparent（当然继承人）, notary public • 形容词词组如果很长通常位于中心名词之后： • It’s a lounge（起居室） not much bigger than the one we’ve got now.

  10. “The+形容词” • But the unlikely can happen. • These people may be the poor, the elderly, the young, the unemployed, or the transient（过客）.

  11. 具有连接功能的形容词： • Worse he had nothing to say. • Still more important, weshould pay attention to this.

  12. 状语 • Too tired to move, she stayed there. • Green, bronze and golden, it flowed through weeds and rushes（灯芯草属植物）.

  13. 分级 • 可分级的形容词有比较级和最高级 • 不可分级的形容词通常由强调副词来修饰。 • Quite motionless, really tremendous, absolutely continuous

  14. 不可分级的形容词有： • Dental, countless, fateful, jobless, rightful, simultaneous, stainless, total, virtual

  15. 一些单音节形容词也可用more, most来表示比较级和最高级。 • Wouldn’t that be more fair? • I think this is the one she is most proud of.

  16. 复合形容词 • Adverb + adjective • Already-tight, critically-ill, fiercely-competitive, environmentally-progressive,highly-respectable, highly-sensitive • Adverb + ed- participles • Extensively-researched, ill-suited, strictly-controlled, so-called, well-organized, neatly-shaved

  17. Adverb + ing- participle • Constantly-changing, equally-damaging, rapidly-growing, slowly-sinking, early-maturing • 重叠式 • Curly-whirly, goody-goody • Adjective + color adjective • dark-blue, light-blue, gray-white

  18. Adjective + other adjective • Infinite-dimensional • Adjective + ed-participle • Clean-shaven, white-washed • Adjective + ing- participle • funny-looking, lovely-sounding, sickly-smelling

  19. Noun + adjective • Age-old, battle-weary, grease-free, life-long, sea-blue, smoke-free • Noun + ed- participle • Content-based, health-related, home-made • Noun + ing-participle • Eye-catching, peace-keeping • Adjective + noun • Full-time, general-purpose, hi-tech, large-scale, fast-food, double-digit, late-night, long-term, white-collar

  20. Participle + adverbial particle • Blown-out, left-over, paid-up

  21. 比较级重复 • His own need for food grew slighter and slighter. • Her visits to the country to see her son became rarer and rarer. • Eventually it’ll get more and more computer wise.

  22. good and, nice and • We’ll end this conversation when I’m good and ready. • I’m good and sick of it. • Good for your teeth. Makes your teeth nice and strong. • But • There are many good and prosperous people here.

  23. 副词 • 修饰形容词 • almost positive, really important • 修饰其他副词 • First, health service managers must be able to price their services reasonably accurately for trading purposes.

  24. 用作状语 • I think she’ll be married shortly. • Surprisingly, the choked voice resumes.

  25. Simple adverbs • Well, rather, quite, soon, today, already, indeed • Compound adverbs • Anyway, hereby • Adverbs derived by suffixation: -ly • Geographically, reasonably, readily

  26. 评论附加语（comment adjunct） • （1）I tell you frankly that Kris didn’t want to know. • （2）I presume that Alison has bought a new car. • （3）Frankly, Kris didn’t want to know. • （4）Presumably, Alison has bought a new car. Company Logo

  27. 在Halliday（1994）看来，评论附加语表示说话人对整个命题的态度，并认为评论附加语表示观点、承认、劝说、恳求、推测、合意、保留、证实、评价、预测等语义。Halliday （2004:129-131）进一步扩展了评论附加语的范围，把评论附加语分为两种，一种是对命题的评论，另一种是对言语功能的评论。 Company Logo

  28. 评论附加语位于句首。 • Sadly, the storm destroyed the entire tobacco crop. • 说话人也可使用评论附加语对主语进行评论，如： • The doctor, unfortunately, hasn’t left an address. Company Logo

  29. Frankly, were you surprised at the outcome? • Were you surprised at the outcome, frankly? Company Logo

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