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Behavioral/Social Learning Perspective

Behavioral/Social Learning Perspective. Introduction Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Applications of Behavioral Ideas Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Rotter’s Social Learning Theory Strengths Weaknesses. I. Introduction. II. Classical Conditioning. Important People

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Behavioral/Social Learning Perspective

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  1. Behavioral/Social Learning Perspective • Introduction • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Applications of Behavioral Ideas • Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory • Rotter’s Social Learning Theory • Strengths • Weaknesses

  2. I. Introduction

  3. II. Classical Conditioning • Important People • Ivan Pavlov • John B. Watson

  4. Limitations:Garcia & Koelling (1966)

  5. III. Operant Conditioning • Important People • Edward Thorndike • B. F. Skinner

  6. IV. Applications of Behavioral Ideas • Explanations for Psychological Disorders • Behavior Modification • Exposure therapy • Parent management training • Token economies

  7. V. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory • Learning & Expectation • Reciprocal Determinism • Observational Learning • Self-Efficacy

  8. Learning & Expectation

  9. Reciprocal Determinism Environment Stimuli from social or physical environment Reinforcement contingencies Behavior Nature Frequency Intensity Person Personality characteristics Cognitive processes Self-regulation skills

  10. Observational Learning

  11. Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study Results Mean Number of Different Imitative Responses Reproduced

  12. Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study • Illustrated the distinction between learning and performing • Showed it is possible to learn but not perform

  13. Self-Efficacy • Defined: The belief that we can perform the behaviors necessary to produce a desired outcome. • Sources: • Enactive Mastery Experiences • Vicarious Experiences • Verbal Persuasion • Physiological & Emotional Arousal

  14. VI. Rotter’s Social Learning Theory • Behavior Potential • Locus of Control

  15. Behavior Potential

  16. Internal versus External Locus of Control Choose one: • The average person can have an influence on government. • The world is run by the few people in power, and there isn’t much the little guy can do about it.

  17. Internal versus External Locus of Control Choose one: • Becoming a success is a matter of hard work; luck has little or nothing to do with it. • Getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.

  18. Internal versus External Locus of Control Choose one: • Many times I feel I have little influence over the things that happen to me. • It is impossible for me to believe that chance or luck plays an important role in my life.

  19. VII. Strengths

  20. VIII. Weaknesses

  21. Cognitive Perspective • Kelly’s Theory of Personal Constructs • Mischel & Shoda’s Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS) • Albert Ellis • Aaron Beck

  22. I. Kelly’s Theory of Personal Constructs

  23. Constructive Alternativism • There is no objective reality or “absolute” truth; there are only alternative ways of construing events

  24. Fundamental Postulate • A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he or she anticipates events. (Huh?) • In other words… personality is a function of the ways a person interprets situations and makes predictions about what is going to happen.

  25. Personal Construct • Kelly’s basic building block of personality • Defined: A bipolar cognitive structure that an individual uses to interpret and make predictions about the world. • Examples: • moral-amoral, masculine-feminine, attractive-ugly, funny-boring, talkative-quiet, relaxed-tense, intelligent-stupid

  26. Personality & Personal Constructs Bob’s Construct System Joe’s Construct System Attractive-Ugly Funny-Dull Responsible-Irresponsible Spontaneous-Predictable Motivated-Lazy Athletic-Nonathletic

  27. Kelly & Psychopathology

  28. Permeability • How easy is it to modify the range of convenience of a personal construct? • Too permeable: too easily to modify • Impermeable: very difficult to modify • Example: apply construct moral-amoral to plants, pets, buildings (too permeable) versus only religious people but no one else (impermeable)

  29. Problems in Predicting • Tightening: make same, constant prediction, regardless of the situation (e.g., depressed personal always predicting people will reject him) • Loosening: make wildly varying, random predictions using the same construct (e.g., manic behavior)

  30. Kelly & Psychopathology • Kelly believed that people are strongly motivated to reduce or avoid both anxiety and threat. • Anxiety: the experience that one’s construct system is not applicable to events (the person can’t understand or predict). • Threat: The recognition that imminent comprehensive change is needed in a construct system.

  31. The Role Construct Repertory Test (A.k.a. The REP Test)

  32. The Role Construct Repertory Test (A.k.a. The REP Test)

  33. II. Mischel & Shoda’s Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)

  34. Cognitive-Affective Units

  35. III. Albert Ellis • Model of Emotion • Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

  36. Common Irrational Thoughts • It is a dire necessity for an adult to be loved by everyone for everything he or she does. • One should be thoroughly competent, successful and achieving in all possible respects. • Certain people are wicked and villainous when they do not behave as I demand that they should and for this, they should be severely punished. • If something is threatening, I should be terribly upset about it.

  37. IV. Aaron Beck • Theory • Cognitive Distortions • Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive Restructuring • Self-Instructional Training

  38. All or Nothing Thinking Overgeneralization Mental Filter Disqualifying the Positive Jumping to Conclusions Magnification or Catastrophizing Emotional Reasoning Should & Must Statements Labeling & Mislabeling Personalizing Depressogenic Attribution Pattern* Negative Cognitive Triad* Common Cognitive Distortions

  39. Personality Disorders • Introduction • Millon’s Biosocial Learning Theory • Personality Disorders

  40. I. Introduction

  41. Common Personality Disorder Characteristics • Adaptive Inflexibility • Tendency to foster vicious cycles • Lack of resiliency

  42. II. Millon’s Biosocial Learning Theory

  43. Millon’s Two Dimensions of Reinforcement Strategies • Instrumental Behavior Pattern (How is the person pursuing the reinforcement?) • Active • Passive • Source of Reinforcement (Where is the reinforcement coming from?) • Independent • Dependent • Ambivalent • Detached

  44. III. Personality Disorders

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