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Table of Contents

Table of Contents. Understanding Solutions Concentration and Solubility Describing Acids and Bases Acids and Bases in Solution Digestion and pH. - Understanding Solutions. What Is a Solution?.

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Table of Contents

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  1. Table of Contents • Understanding Solutions • Concentration and Solubility • Describing Acids and Bases • Acids and Bases in Solution • Digestion and pH

  2. - Understanding Solutions What Is a Solution? • A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particles (molecules or ions) that are too small to see.

  3. - Understanding Solutions What Is a Solution? • Solutions can be made from any combinations of solids, liquids, and gases.

  4. - Understanding Solutions Colloids and Suspensions • Colloids and suspensions are mixtures that have properties different from those of solutions.

  5. - Understanding Solutions Particles in a Solution • When a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent.

  6. - Understanding Solutions Salt Dissolving in Water Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about salt dissolving in water.

  7. Liquid water solution - Understanding Solutions Effects of Solutes on Solvents • At 0ºC, pure water freezes, but water mixed with a solute does not. Solutes lower the freezing point of a solvent. Solid (frozen) water

  8. - Understanding Solutions Identifying Main Ideas • As you read the section “What is a Solution?”, write the main idea in a graphic. Then write three supporting details. Main Idea A solution is a well mixed mixture that contains a solventand at least one solute. Detail Detail Detail Detail The solvent is the substance present in the largest amount. A solute is a substance present in a smaller amount than the solvent. A solution has the same properties throughout. A solution contains particles that are too small to see.

  9. - Understanding Solutions Universal Solvent • Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutuniversal solvent.

  10. End of Section: Understanding Solutions

  11. To calculate the concentration of a solution, compare the amount of solute to the amount of solution and multiply by 100 percent. For example, if a solution contains 10 grams of solute dissolved in 100 grams of solution, then its concentration can be reported as 10 percent. - Concentration and Solubility Calculating a Concentration

  12. Practice Problem A solution contains 12 grams of solute dissolved in 36 grams of solution. What is the concentration of the solution? 33% - Concentration and Solubility Calculating a Concentration

  13. - Concentration and Solubility Solubility • Solubility is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

  14. - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility • The solubility of the compound potassium nitrate (KNO3) varies in water at different temperatures.

  15. KNO3 is least soluble at 0ºC. Reading Graphs: At which temperature shown in the graph is KNO3 least soluble in water? - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility

  16. Approximately 65 g of KNO3 are needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC. Reading Graphs: Approximately what mass of KNO3 is needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC? - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility

  17. KNO3 is about twice as soluble at 40ºC as it is at 20ºC. Calculating: About how much more soluble is KNO3 at 40ºC than at 20ºC? - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility

  18. No; the curve shows that solubility increases more with each 20ºC increase in temperature. Interpreting Data: Does solubility increase at the same rate with every 20ºC increase in temperature? Explain. - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility

  19. Examples: Key Terms: unsaturated solution supersaturated solution - Concentration and Solubility Building Vocabulary • After you read the section, carefully note the definition of each Key Term. Also note other details in the paragraph that contains the definition. Use all this information to write a meaningful sentence using the Key Term. Examples: Key Terms: An unsaturatedsolution can continue to dissolve more solute. dilute solution A dilute solution is a mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. concentrated solution A supersaturatedsolution has more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at the given temperature. A concentrated solution is one that has a lot of solute dissolved in the same amount of solvent. solubility Solubility is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. saturated solution A saturated solution contains so much solute that no more dissolves.

  20. - Concentration and Solubility Links on Solubility • Click the SciLinks button for links on solubility.

  21. End of Section: Concentration and Solubility

  22. - Describing Acids and Bases Properties of Acids and Bases • Litmus is an example of an indicator, a compound that changes color when in contact with an acid or a base.

  23. - Describing Acids and Bases Uses of Acids and Bases • Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

  24. Question Answer - Describing Acids and Bases Asking Questions • Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. What is an acid? An acid is a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red. What is a base? A base is a substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue. What are uses of acids and bases? Uses of acids include cleaning products, fertilizers, and car batteries; uses of bases include cleaning products, baking ingredients, and cement manufacturing.

  25. - Describing Acids and Bases Links on Acids and Bases • Click the SciLinks button for links on acids and bases.

  26. End of Section:Describing Acids and Bases

  27. - Acids and Bases in Solution Acids and Bases in Solution • The table lists some commonly encountered acids and bases.

  28. - Acids and Bases in Solution Strength of Acids and Bases • Strong acids and weak acids act differently in water. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Acetic acid is a weak acid.

  29. - Acids and Bases in Solution The pH Scale • A low pH tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is high. In contrast, a high pH tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is low.

  30. - Acids and Bases in Solution Acid-Base Reactions • A reaction between an acid and a base is called neutralization. An acid-base mixture is not as acidic or basic as the individual starting solutions.

  31. - Acids and Bases in Solution Acid-Base Reactions • Each salt listed in this table can be formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.

  32. - Acids and Bases in Solution Previewing Visuals • When you preview, you look ahead at the material to be read. Preview Figure 21. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Neutralization Q. What is a neutral solution? A. A neutral solution is one that has a pH close to 7. Q. What is neutralization? A. Neutralization is a reaction between an acid and a base.

  33. - Acids and Bases in Solution More on the pH Scale • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about the pH scale.

  34. - Acids and Bases in Solution pH • Click the Video button to watch a movie about pH.

  35. End of Section: Acids and Bases in Solution

  36. - Digestion and pH What Is Digestion? • Chemical digestion breaks large molecules into smaller ones.

  37. - Digestion and pH pH in the Digestive System • Foods are exposed to several changes in pH as they move through the digestive system.

  38. - Digestion and pH Sequencing • Sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs. As you read, make a flowchart that shows the sequence of changes in pH as food moves through the digestive system. pH During Digestion At a pH near 7, enzymes in the mouth start to break down carbohydrates. At a pH near 2, stomach enzymes break down proteins. At a pH near 8, enzymes in the small intestine complete the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

  39. - Digestion and pH Links on Digestion and pH • Click the SciLinks button for links on digestion and pH.

  40. End of Section: Digestion and pH

  41. Graphic Organizer Solutions are made of Solutes Solvents dissolve in dissolve to form such as Ions Water Molecules do not conduct conduct Electricity

  42. End of Section: Graphic Organizer

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