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More on Computer Components

More on Computer Components. Computer switches Binary number system Inside the CPU Cache memory Types of RAM Computer buses Creating faster CPUs. NEXT SLIDE. ON. OFF. Digital Data: Switches and Bits. Electronic switches: Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated circuits

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More on Computer Components

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  1. More on Computer Components • Computer switches • Binary number system • Inside the CPU • Cache memory • Types of RAM • Computer buses • Creating faster CPUs NEXT SLIDE

  2. ON OFF Digital Data: Switches and Bits • Electronic switches: • Vacuum tubes • Transistors • Integrated circuits • Binary number system: • Representing numbers • Representing letters and symbols • ASCII • Unicode NEXT SLIDE

  3. Electronic Switches • Non-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuits • Types of electronic switches: • Vacuum tubes • Transistors: • Semiconductors • Integrated circuits NEXT SLIDE

  4. OFF ON Switches Representing Data • The on/off state of a switch represents one bit of data • Bit (binary digit): • On = 1 • Off = 0 OR = 1 bit 0 1 NEXT SLIDE

  5. The Binary Number System • Number systems: • Organized ways to represent numbers Binary 2 digits 0 and 1 Base 10 10 digits 0 through 9 Base 10 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 89 5 8 3 2 NEXT SLIDE

  6. Representing Letters and Symbols • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): • 8 bits equal 1 byte • 256 different combinations • 1 byte equals an alphanumeric character or symbol • Unicode: • 16 bits equal 1 byte • 65000 different combinations • Used for all languages: • English, Japanese, Chinese, etc. A a B b C ON OFF Click here to view an ASCII Code chart NEXT SLIDE

  7. The CPU: Processing Digital Information • CPU components • Types of CPUs • What the CPU does: • Machine cycle: • System clock • Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

  8. The CPU • Also known as a microprocessor or processor • Executes instructions • Components include: • Control unit • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Registers • Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

  9. Types of CPUs NEXT SLIDE

  10. The CPU’s Machine Cycle • Also known as the processing cycle • Fetch: • The Control Unit searches cache memory and then RAM for program instructions • Instructions are moved to the Control Unit • Decode: • The Control Unit reads and prepares the program instructions • The instructions are sent to the ALU • Execute: • The ALU performs the calculations • Store: • The results are stored in the registers Click here to view the video “Inside the Chip” by Intel NEXT SLIDE

  11. The System Clock • Located on the motherboard • Controls the CPU’s processing cycles • Clock cycle: • Pulse or tick • Clock speed: • Number of pulses per second • Measured in hertz (Hz) NEXT SLIDE

  12. Cache Memory • Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it: • Level 1 • Level 2 • Stores recent or frequently used instructions and data • Used for quick access by the CPU NEXT SLIDE

  13. RAM: The Next Level of Temporary Storage • Dynamic RAM (DRAM): • Loses its electrical charge • Needs to be refreshed • SDRAM: • Synchronous DRAM • DDR SDRAM • Double data rate SDRAM • RDRAM: • Rambus DRAM • Static RAM (SRAM): • Does not lose its electrical charge • Faster than DRAM • Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

  14. Memory and Size • Data stored in bytes. • Sizes: • 1KB – 1 kilobyte means 1024 bytes • 1MB – 1 Megabyte, approx. 1 million bytes • 1GB – 1 Gigabyte, approx. a thousand MBs. (1,000,000,000 bytes)

  15. Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway • Bus: • Electrical pathway used to move data between components • Local bus: • Connects the CPU with the memory • Expansion bus: • Connects the CPU with peripheral devices 01100010 01001000 01110011 00100111 NEXT SLIDE

  16. Bus Performance • Bus clock speed: • Rate of speed data moves from one location to another • Measured in Mhz (millions of clock cycles per second) • Bus width: • The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time • Measured in bits: • 16 bits • 32 bits NEXT SLIDE

  17. Types of Expansion Buses • ISA and EISA: • Found on older computers • Connects mouse, modem, and sound card • PCI: • Faster than ISA and EISA • Found on modern computers • Connects network, modem, and sound card • AGP: • Used for three-dimensional graphics • Connects the graphics card and memory NEXT SLIDE

  18. Making Computers Faster • Pipelining: • The CPU processes more than one instruction at a time Non-pipelined CPU Instruction 1 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 2 Fetch Decode Execute Store Pipelined CPU Instruction 1 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 2 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 3 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 4 Fetch Decode Execute Store NEXT SLIDE

  19. Making Computers Faster • Dual processing: • Two CPUs on the same system • Each processor shares the workload • Parallel processing: • Network of computers • Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously Dual processors NEXT SLIDE

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