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1930 Nobel Prizes

1930 Nobel Prizes. Physics: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" Literature: Sinclair Lewis

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1930 Nobel Prizes

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  1. 1930 Nobel Prizes Physics: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" Literature: Sinclair Lewis "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters“ Peace: Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom Chemistry: Hans Fischer "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin“ Physiology or Medicine: Karl Landsteiner “For his discovery of human blood groups”

  2. Karl Landsteiner • 1868 born June 14 in Vienna. 1842 died June 26 in U.S. • 1900 proposed that the cause of shock, jaundice, and haemoglobinuria that had followed some earlier attempts at blood transfusions was not the result of disease but the inherent differences between characteristics of an individuals blood • 1901 experimented with blood cells seperated from their serum (blood plasma with clotting factors removed) and observed that a reaction that resulted in clotting occurred in some cases and not others. • classified blood into the groups A, B, and O based on their reactions with each other for which he was awarded the nobel prize in 1930

  3. Subsequently Dr. Lansteiner’s colleagues Alfred von Decastello and Adrano Sturli identified the group AB • Lansteiner concluded the reactions were due to a specific antigen (substance that stimulates a immune response) present in each individual blood group that can cause antibodies against another blood type resulting in its destruction

  4. Implications of discovery • Anthropology Concluded, after extensive research had been conducted that the frequency of different blood groups in varying regions around the world could be used to draw conclusions about the correlation between races and the origin of the human race • L. and H. Hirschfeld “group A is more frequent than B in northern Europeans, whereas the position is reversed in several Asiatic races. • Coca and Snyder “the American Indians who, when racially pure, belong almost exclusively to group O”

  5. Implications of discovery • Forensics • Crimes Could be used to determine the difference between animal and human blood stains for forensic purposes and in some cases could be used to distinguish between the victim and accused if they belong to different blood groups • Paternity Could be used to exclude or include the possibility of a person as a parent in paternity cases

  6. Group A phenotype = A/A or A/O genotype Group B phenotype = B/B or B/O genotype Group O phenotype = O/O genotype Group AB phenotype = A/B genotype

  7. Implications of discover • Transfusions Brief history before Lansteiner’s identification of groups • 1665- Richard Lower performs the first animal blood transfusion recorded using dogs • 1667- French physician Jean-Baptiste Denis transfuses lamb’s blood into several patients without negative consequences until one dies • 1818- James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human to human blood • 1825-1830-James Blundell performs 10 more transfusions 5 of which are beneficial

  8. Dr. Ludvig Hektoen of Chicago recommends checking blood type of recipient with donor before transfusion • Dr. Reuben Ottenberg in New York performs the first transfusion using cross matching with 128 successful cases, with almost no adverse transfusion reaction • After the invention of sodium citrate to prevent clotting and citrate-glucose solution for longer storage, transfusions have become common place, and are used in a variety of treatments examples: severe blood loss in trauma, surgery, and the treatment of blood diseases

  9. Other Contributions • Helped determine the cause of polio, his research contributed to the eventual development of a vaccine • discovered new facts about the immunology of syphilis • Discovered and named haptens-molecules that cause an immune response when added to a carrier molecule • 1940 with Alexander Wiener discovered another blood type Rh factor- antigen that is either present or absent indicated with a (+ or -). Important in pregnancy because if a mother is Rh (-) and her baby is (+), the transfer of blood between them or if the mother has been previously exposed will cause the mother to develop antibody’s againt the babies blood.

  10. Additional Facts • According to the National Blood Data resource Center in the year 2000 out of the 1,900 hospitals and 143 blood collection centers participating, 13.9 million units of whole blood were collected for use in transfusions • Currently The International Society for Blood transfusion (ISBT) recognizes 29 important blood groups

  11. Resources • From Noble Lecture http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/landsteiner-lecture.html • Statistics http://www.aabb.org/Documents/Programs_and_Services/NBDRC/research.htm http://iccbba.org/ • Bibliography and Other Information http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/landsteiner-bio.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_landsteiner.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/history/index.html • Tables http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_types

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