Chilled Water Piping Systems (VPF Focus)

1. Chilled Water Piping Systems (VPF Focus)

2. Agenda � Chilled Water Distribution Systems Chilled Water Distribution Systems Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable � 2W Valves) Low Delta T Primary Only (Variable Flow - 2W Valves) VPF Design/Control Considerations

3. Primary (Constant Flow) / Secondary (Variable Flow)

4. Primary/Secondary System

5. Primary (Constant Flow) / Secondary (Variable Flow) 2 Way Valves Higher Capital Cost Installed (vs Constant Flow 3W Valve system) Lower CHW Pumping Energy (vs Constant Flow 3W Valve system) Well Understood & Easy to Control

6. Primary/Secondary System at Design

7. Primary/Secondary System at Part Load

8. Primary/Secondary System

9. Low Delta T Syndrome

10. Dirty Coils Major Causes of Low Delta T

11. Chilled Water Coil

12. Dirty Coils Controls Calibration Leaky 2 Way Valves 3 Way Valves at end of Index circuit Major Causes of Low Delta T

13. Primary/Secondary System

14. Primary/Secondary System

15. Dirty Coils Controls Calibration Leaky 2 Way Valves 3 Way Valves at end of Index circuit Coils piped up backwards Major Causes of Low Delta T

16. Chilled Water Coil

17. Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable)

18. Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable)Ideal Operation

19. Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable)Ideal Operation

20. Primary / Secondary Rule of Flow Primary flow must always be equal to or greater than Secondary flow.

21. Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable)Low Delta T Operation

22. Higher Secondary Pump Energy Higher CHW Plant Chiller/Auxiliary Energy Major Effects of Low Delta T

23. Solution to (or reduce effects of) Low Delta T Address the causes Clean Coils Calibrate controls occasionally Select proper 2W valves (dynamic/close-off ratings) and maintain them no 3W valves in design find and correct piping installation errors Over pump chillers at ratio of Design Delta T / Actual Delta T Increase Delta T across chillers with CHW Re-set (down). Use Variable Speed Chillers & sequence to operate from 30 to 70% Load Use VPF Systems (mitigates energy waste in plant) Header pumps & operate more pumps than chillers If dedicated pumping, over-size (design at 80% speed).

24. Primary/Secondary System

25. Primary Only (Variable Flow)

27. Primary Only (Variable Flow) 2 Way Valves Lower Capital Cost Installed (vs Primary/Secondary) No secondary pumps/piping/valves/electrical to buy and install No large Common pipe, but smaller Bypass pipe/valve/flow meter/controls Lower CHW Pumping Energy Smaller Footprint (vs Primary/Secondary) Relatively New & More Complex Controls Reduces Negative Impacts from Low Delta T Chillers are not staged on by flow requirements Chillers can load up and are staged on load

28. Primary Only (Variable Flow) Disadvantages Higher (potentially) PSID rated 2-Way valves in system Requires more robust (complex and calibrated) control system Requires coordinated control of chillers, isolation valves, and pumps in sequencing Longer (potentially) Commissioning time Requires greater operator sophistication

29. Variable-Primary-Flow System

30. Variable Primary System at Design

31. Variable Primary System � Part Load

32. Variable Primary System � Part Load

33. Variable Primary System � Part Load

34. Variable Primary System � Min Flow (400 gpm each)

35. Bypass Valve Control Bypass Valve Control Maintain a minimum chilled water flow rate through the chillers Differential pressure measurement across each chiller evaporator Flow meter Bypass valve modulates open to maintain the minimum flow through operating chiller(s). Bypass valve shall be the normally open type. Pipe and valve sized for Min flow of operating chillers

36. Chiller Design Considerations Flow rate changes � Staging on additional chillers

37. Variable Primary System (1 chiller running)

38. Variable Primary System (Staging on second chiller)

39. Variable Primary System (Open isolation valve)

40. Variable Primary System (Open isolation valve)

41. Variable Primary System (Open isolation valve slowly)

42. VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Summary Chillers Equal Sized Chillers preferred, but not required Maintain Min flow rates with Bypass control (1.5 fps) Maintain Max flow rates (11.0 to 12.0 fps) Isolation Valves (Modulating or Stroke-able to 1.5 to 2 min) Don�t vary flow too quickly through chillers (VSD Ramp function � typical setting of 10%/min) Chiller Type System Water Volume Chiller Load Active Loads Sequence If Constant Speed � run chiller to max load (Supply Temp rise). Do not run more chillers than needed (water-cooled) If Variable Speed � run chillers between 30% and 70% load (depending on ECWT). Run more chillers than load requires. Add Chiller - CHW Supply Temp or Load (Adjusted* Flow X Delta T) or amps (if CSD) Subtract Chiller - Load (Adjusted* Flow X Delta T) or Amps (if CSD)

43. VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Summary Pumps Variable Speed Driven Headered arrangement preferred Sequence with chillers (run more pumps than chillers for over-pumping capability) on flow (add pump when existing inadequate, subtract when can) optimized algorithm (total kW of more pumps, lower than less pumps) Stay within pump/motor limits (25% to 100% speed) Subtract a Pump at 25 to 30% speed Add a pump back when speed of operating pumps high enough Speed controlled by pressure sensors at end of index circuit

44. VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Summary Bypass Valve Maintain a minimum chilled water flow rate through the chillers Differential pressure measurement across each chiller evaporator Flow meter preferred Modulates open to maintain the minimum flow through operating chiller(s). Bypass valve is normally open, but closed unless Min flow breeched Pipe and valve sized for Min flow of operating chillers High Rangeability (100:1 preferred) PSID Ratings for Static, Dynamic, And Close Off = Shut Off Head of Pumps Linear Proportion (Flow to Valve Position) Characteristic preferred Fast Acting Actuator Locate in Plant around chillers/pumps (preferrred) Energy Avoid Network traffic

45. VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Summary Load Valves High Rangeability (200:1 preferred) PSID Ratings for Static, Dynamic, And Close Off = Shut Off Head of Pumps Equal Percentage (Flow to Load) Characteristic Slow Acting Actuator Staging Loads Sequence AHUs On/Off in 10 to 15 min intervals

46. Summary on VPF Design Chillers Size equally with same WPDs (best) Respect Min/Max Flows through chillers Set Pump VSD Ramp function to about 10%/min (600 sec 0 to Max Speed) Use Modulating or Strokeable Valves (preferred) on chiller evaps, headered pumping Use 2 Position Valves (1 min stroke) on chiller evaps, dedicated pumping Pumps VSD Controllers Headered Pumping Arrangement (preferred) Dedicated Pumping OK (over-size pumps) 2 Way Valves Select for Static, Dynamic, Close-off ratings (PSID) equal to pump SOH (plus fill pressure) Range-ability 100 to 200:1 If Bypass � fast acting, linear proportion If Coils � slow acting, equal percentage, �On-Off� stagger air units (10-15 min intervals) Controls Set-point far out in index circuit (lower the value, the better the pump energy) Set Ramp function in VSD Controller (10%/min average) Run 1 more pump than chillers (when headered) Chillers On by common Supply Temp, Load, Amps, Adj Flow (Adj for Low Delta T) Chillers Off by Amps, Load, Adj Flow (Adj for Low Delta T) Over-pump Chillers to combat Low Delta T and get Max Cap out of chillers Bypass controlled by Min flow (preferred) or Min WPD of largest chiller (locate in plant for best energy, but can go anywhere in system)

47. Chilled Water Piping Systems (VPF Focus)

48. 2 Way Valve/Coil Detail

49. Electric Energy Cost Equations