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The Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Properties and Crop Production

岐阜大学関係学位論文発表 平成20年1月22日. The Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Properties and Crop Production. Komariah. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Masateru Senge. Associate: Dr. Kengo Ito. Dept. of Irrigation and Drainage, United Graduate School of Agriculture , Gifu University, Japan. Background.

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The Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Properties and Crop Production

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  1. 岐阜大学関係学位論文発表 平成20年1月22日 The Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Properties and Crop Production Komariah Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Masateru Senge Associate: Dr. Kengo Ito Dept. of Irrigation and Drainage, United Graduate School of Agriculture , Gifu University, Japan

  2. Background Total cassava production in province of Lampung, Indonesia: 4.67 x 109 kg Abundant tapioca waste: Limited utilization for industries and livestock Evoke environmental problem Utilization for environmental conservation

  3. Background Indonesia: tropical country High Air Temperature + High solar radiation intensity High Evaporation High Soil temperature Utilization of tapioca wastes for reduce water loss (evapotranspiration) + as insulating material for lower soil temperature

  4. Background Pineapple Plantation in Indonesia: Long culture period + tropical monsoon climate Soil deterioration Utilization of tapioca wastes for soil properties amelioration

  5. Experimental Site (Research 1) INDONESIA

  6. 1. “ The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures” –A Case Study of Tapioca Wastes Application-

  7. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Treatments A.Control B.Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha) C.Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha) D.Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha) E. 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulch

  8. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Investigated Organic Materials Rice Husk (もみがら） Cassava Peel SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA INDUSTRY Cassava Bagasse

  9. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Plot Size 1 treatment: 2 plots 1 plot: 120 plants 60 plants 15m Pineapple variety: “Smooth Cayenne” 0.5m 0.6m

  10. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Control

  11. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures 300ton/ha rice husk mulching

  12. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures 300ton/ha cassava bagasse mulching

  13. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures 300ton/ha cassava peel mulching

  14. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures 0.5mm-Black polyethylene film mulching

  15. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Results and Discussion(Exp. 1)

  16. Canopy of plants progressively increased 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth General declining trend??

  17. solar increased soil surface shading Canopy progressively increased decreased soil temp. suppressed heat absorption by mulch 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Illustration small canopy big canopy

  18. Cassava bagasse: can readily undergo fermentation ( 28oC) fermentation occurred soil temperature high 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth Black film low albedo (high heat absorption); low latent heat flux (heat release/discharge) Rice husk & cassava peel: nearly similar albedo to control; low heat transfer into soil layers

  19. control Black film mulch High heat absorption (rather low albedo) High heat discharge (high latent heat flux) Low heat discharge (low latent heat flux) High heat absorption (low albedo) higher soil temp. rather high soil temp. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Illustration

  20. Cassava bagasse mulch Rice husk/ cassava peel mulch fermentation High heat absorption from fermentation Low heat absorption from solar rad. (rather high albedo) Low heat discharge (rather low latent heat flux) High heat absorption (rather high albedo) Low heat transfer into soil soil temp. higher Lower soil temp. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Illustration

  21. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Dry season Dry season Rainy season El Nino irrigated Soil moisture content at 0-30cm depth (TDR) Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater; enhanced effective rainfall Rice husk, cassava peel and black film nearly similar to control Soil moistures under cassava bagasse and black film mulch were the lowest due to higher biomass and caused the higher evapotranspiration rates irrigated

  22. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Total wet biomass Pineapple Fruit Yield No significant differences at p0.05; ANOVA followed with Duncan test (both of total wet biomass and yield) Black film mulches resulted in higher total wet biomass and yield due to the highest mean soil temperature; Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures; higher than control hence biomass and yields

  23. 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Conclusion (Exp.1) • Black film and cassava bagasse mulches resulted in higher maximum soil temperatures • Rice husk and cassava peel mulches resulted in lower maximum soil temperatures • Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures hence the biomasses and yields too • Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater hence soil moisture contents were high, while others did not play any better role in soil moisture retention

  24. 2. “ Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes”

  25. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Materials and Method Same experimental site as Exp. 1

  26. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Rice Husk (もみがら） Cassava Peel SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA INDUSTRY Cassava Bagasse

  27. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Treatments A.Control B.Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha) C.Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha) D.Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha) E. Cassava peel incorporated/ mixed into soil (300 ton/ha) F. 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulch

  28. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Picture of Total Experimental Plot Complete randomized design; 3 replications

  29. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Results and Discussion(Exp. 2)

  30. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Decomposition Rate Level (Visible with naked-eyes): FAST : Cassava Bagasse (No longer visible 15 months after application) MEDIUM: Rice Husk (Visible 15 months after application with partially decomposed into smaller sizes) Cassava Peel (Visible 15 months after application with very less physical changes) Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Change; 0-5cm Had already totally decomposed and could not supply more SOM The decomposition process was still ongoing hence kept on supplying SOM Cassava peel had just started or just started to decompose hence could not supply SOM yet ONLY Initial: July 2001; Final: Sept. 2002

  31. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Available Water Content Change (AWC); -10 ～ -1500 kPa; 0-5cm depth AWC distinctly increased only under rice husk mulch due to SOM increased; SOM holds more water Initial: July 2001; Final: Sept. 2002

  32. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Rainy season Dry season Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms at both seasons hence significantly increased earthworm populations Earthworm Populations (0-45cm)

  33. 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Conclusion (Exp.2) • The decomposition process of rice husk mulch that was still ongoing until 15 months after application kept on supplying SOM, thus distinctly increased SOM and Available Water Content • Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms, hence earthworm populations were high

  34. 3. Soil Solarization Incorporated with Rice Bran on Soil Physical, Biological, and Broccoli Yield CM RBMx + BM BM RBMx RBMx + CM 1.2m RBM RBM + CM 0.8m CONTROL RBM + BM

  35. Final conclusion Tapioca wastes Cassava bagasse: Cassava peel Low max. soil temperature Low soil moisture Medium decomposition; no SOM supply yet High max. soil temperature High soil moisture Speedy decomposition; no more SOM supply Nearly similar biomass and yield

  36. Rice husk: Contributed significant increase on SOM by keeping SOM supplied until 15 months after application with its moderate decomposition rate, hence available water content (AWC) also increased

  37. Thank you Fin

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