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Words that you may find difficult:

Words that you may find difficult:. Contempt: to look down on something or someone. Calamity: an unfortunate event. Inalienable: something that cannot be changed. Redound: contribute greatly Auspices: something coming from heaven

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Words that you may find difficult:

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  1. Words that you may find difficult: • Contempt: to look down on something or someone. • Calamity: an unfortunate event. • Inalienable: something that cannot be changed. • Redound: contribute greatly • Auspices: something coming from heaven • Imprescriptible: something that cannot be planned or changed. • Promulgate: to announce something. • Inviolable: something that cannot be disturbed. • Indemnify: to pay off a damage or loss

  2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • How is the 'nation' defined in the document? • What do the words, "liberty," "equality," and "fraternity" actually mean, according to the document?

  3. The French Revolution starts rolling

  4. National Assembly, 1789-1791 • June 17, the Third Estate declared itself the true National Assembly of France. • When locked out of their meeting place by Louis XVI they met instead in an indoor tennis court. • Tennis Court Oath: The Third Estate swore to remain together until it had given France a constitution. • Third Estate thus assumed sovereign power on behalf of the nation. • In response, Louis XVI brought an army of 18,000 troops to Versailles • Defections from the 1st and 2nd Estates caused Louis XVI to recognize the National Assembly on June 27, after he dissolved the Estates General. e. National Assembly dominated by the bourgeoisie f.Point of no return: the king was now allied with the nobles while the Third Estate now feared the nobles more than ever. g. July 11, Necker was removed, infuriating millions of French people who saw him as an ally among the nobility. King was forced to bring him back

  5. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 • A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. • 18 died. • 73 wounded. • 7 guards killed. • began in response to food shortages, soaring bread prices, 25% unemployment, and fear of military repression.

  6. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt(July 20, 1789) • Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

  7. The Pathof the“GreatFear”

  8. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Posed New Dilemmas Did women have equal rights with men? What about free blacks in the colonies? How could slavery be justified if all men were born free? Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights? How did the king fit in?

  9. The National Assembly begin to Unravel • National Assembly also moved to Paris and was intimidated by the Parisians. • King’s power reduced to temporary veto in lawmaking process. • King and Assembly made sure bread was available to the masses. • The more conservative revolutionaries began to drop out of the Assembly due to disillusionment by mob violence.

  10. How to Finance the New Govt.?1.Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

  11. 2. Print Assignats • Issued by the National Constituent Assembly. • Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.

  12. Depreciation of the Assignat • Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church land. • The state would retire the notes as the land was sold. • They began circulating as paper currency. • Government printed more  INFLATION [they lost 99% of their value ultimately]. • Therefore, future governments paid off their creditors with cheap money.

  13. New Relations Between Church & State • Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches. • The church was reorganized: • Parish priests  elected by the district assemblies. • Bishops  named by the department assemblies. • The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. • It transformed France’sRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!! Pope Pius VI[1775-1799]

  14. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • The king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years]. • He could not pass laws. • His ministers were responsible for their own actions. • A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. • Had the power to grant taxation. • An independent judiciary.

  15. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • “Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen. • 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise. • Domestic servants were also excluded. • A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

  16. 83 Revolutionary Departments February 26, 1790

  17. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

  18. Understanding Radicalization

  19. Attitudes & actions of monarchy& court Fear ofCounter-Revolution Religiousdivisions The Causes of Instability in France1792 - 1795 Politicaldivisions EconomicCrises War

  20. March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789 A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread. We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!

  21. The “October Days” (1789) The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.

  22. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee • June, 1791 • Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. • Headed toward the Luxembourgborder. • The King wasrecognized atVarennes, nearthe border

  23. Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792 • A completely new group of legislators replaced the National Assembly in the new government. a. Members of the National Assembly had agreed that no one in that group would take part in the new gov’t. b. New gov’t reflected emergence of political factions in the revolution competing for power—most important were republican groups. c. Members were younger and less cautious than members of the National Assembly. d. Jacobins, named after their political club, came to dominate the Legislative Assembly • The Girondins, a group of Jacobins, became the left or advanced party of the Revolution in the Legislative Assembly and led the country into war. • All passionately committed to liberal revolution.

  24. The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House • They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris. • Started as a debating society. • Membership mostly middle class. • Created a vast network of clubs.

  25. The Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working Class • Small shopkeepers. • Tradesmen. • Artisans. They shared many of the ideals of their middle class representatives in government!

  26. The Declaration of Pillnitz Declaration of Pillnitz issued by Prussia and Austria in August, 1791. • émigrés, French nobles who fled France beginning in 1789, influenced Prussia and Austria to declare the restoration of the French monarchy as their goal. • Preached a kind of holy war. • The Austrian Emperor, Leopold, would be willing to take military steps to restore order to France if all other powers joined him. • He did not expect to receive unanimous agreement among all the Great Powers • The Declaration was really a bluff intended to slow down the revolution and rid himself of French émigrés. • Leopold misjudged French revolutionary sentiment and Republican sentiment in France gained strength in response to the Declaration b. Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in April, 1792. • Fueled by ideological fervor and anti-Austrian sentiment. • Girondins became the party of international revolution. • Claimed the Revolution could never be secure in France until it spread to the world.

  27. The First Coalition &TheBrunswick Manifesto(August 3, 1792) Duke of Brunswick if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!! 1792-1797 FRANCE AUSTRIAPRUSSIABRITAINSPAINPIEDMONT This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.

  28. Wars of the First Coalition • French revolutionary forces were soundly defeated by the Austrian military. • Only the conflict between eastern monarchs over the division of Poland saved France from defeat. • Intensified existing unrest and dissatisfaction of unpropertied classes. • Jacobins blamed their defeat on Louis XVI, believing him to be part of a conspiracy with Prussia and Austria. • e. July 25, 1792: Brunswick Manifesto issued by Prussia and Austria and threatened to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed. • In response to Brunswick Manifesto, Jacobin-incited mobs seized power in Paris. • Revolutionary sentiment was stoked by Robespierre, Danton, and the journalist, Marat

  29. The Storming of the Tuilieres:August 9-10, 1792 This was triggered in part by the publication in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, which confirmed popular suspicions concerning the king’s treason.

  30. The September Massacres, 1792(The dark side of the Revolution!) • Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front. • Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 killed! • It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

  31. The “Second” French Revolution • The National Convention: • Girondin Rule: 1792-1793 • Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”] • Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-1795 • The Directory  1795-1799

  32. The National Convention(September, 1792) • Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792. • The Year I of the French Republic. • The Decree of Fraternity • it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments. When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!

  33. The Political Spectrum TODAY: 1790s: The Plain(swing votes) Montagnards(“The Mountain”) Girondists Monarchíen(Royalists) Jacobins

  34. The Politics of the National Convention (1792-1795) Montagnards Girondists • Power base in Paris. • Main support from the sans-culottes. • Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their goals. • Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution. • More centralized [in Paris] approach to government. • Power base in the provinces. • Feared the influence of the sans-culottes. • Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics. • Supported more national government centralization [federalism].

  35. French Expansion: 1791-1799

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