Tactical Tasks and Graphics

1. Tactical Tasks and Graphics

2. D C B S What is your intent? “Crush them here”!

3. Tactical Tasks • Describe the results or effects the commander wants to achieve. • Most tactical mission tasks (but not all) have an associated mission graphic.

4. Tactical Mission Tasks ACTIONS BY FRIENDLY FORCE • Assault • Attack-by-fire • Block • Breach • Bypass • Canalize • Clear • Combat Search and Rescue • Consolidate and Reorganize • Contain • Control • Counterattack • Counterattack by Fire • Counterreconnaissance • Defeat • Delay • Destroy • Disengage • Disrupt • Exfiltrate • Fix • Follow and assume • Follow and support • Interdict • Isolate • Linkup • Neutralize • Occupy • Passage of Lines (Forward) • Passage of Lines (Rearward) • Penetrate • Reconstitute • Reduce • Relief in Place • Retain • Retire • Secure • Seize • Support-by-fire • Suppress • Turn • Withdraw

5. Tactical Mission Graphics • Used in course of action (COA) sketches, synchronization matrixes, and maneuver sketches. • Should be scaled to fit the map scale and size of unit for which they are used.

6. C ENY B C C D D D B B Tactical Mission Graphics (Tactical Mission Tasks) CLEAR: Remove all enemy forces and eliminate organized resistance in an assigned area. ATTACK BY FIRE: Uses direct fires, supported by indirect fires, to engage an enemy without closing with him to destroy, suppress, fix or deceive him. CONTAIN: To stop, hold, or surround an enemy or to cause the enemy to center activity on a given front and to prevent the withdrawal of any part of the enemy’s force. BLOCK: Task that denies the enemy access to an area. Or, may be an effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to stop an attacker or prevent him from passing. DEFEAT: Occurs when an enemy has temporarily or permanently lost the physical means or the will to fight. BREACH: Employs all available means to break through or secure a passage through enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification. BYPASS: Directs a unit to maneuver around an obstacle, avoiding combat with an enemy force. DESTROY: Physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective until it is reconstituted. DISRUPT: Integrates direct and indirect fires, terrain, and obstacles to upset an enemy’s formation, tempo, timetable or cause his forces to commit prematurely. CANALIZE: Restricts enemy movement to a narrow zone by exploiting terrain coupled with the use of obstacles, fires, or friendly maneuver.

7. I F R I N O Tactical Mission Graphics (Tactical Mission Tasks) ISOLATE: Seal off - both physically and psychologically - an enemy from his sources of support, deny freedom of movement, and from having contact with other enemy forces. EXFILTRATE: Remove personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means. FIX: Prevent the enemy from moving any part of his force from a specific location for a specific period of time. NEUTRALIZE: Render enemy personnel or material incapable of interfering with a particular operation. OCCUPY: Move into an area so that the force can control the entire area. Both movement to and occupation of the area occur without enemy opposition. FOLLOW & ASSUME: A second committed force follows a force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to continue the mission if the lead force is fixed, attritted or unable to continue. REDUCE: The destruction of an encircled or bypassed enemy force. There is no tactical mission graphic for this task. FOLLOW & SUPPORT: A second committed force follows and supports a lead force conducting an offensive operation. No Graphic Symbol RETAIN: Ensure that a terrain feature already controlled by a friendly force remains free of enemy occupation or use. INTERDICT: Prevent, disrupt, or delay the enemy’s use of an area or route.

8. S S T S Tactical Mission Graphics (Tactical Mission Tasks) SECURE: Prevent a unit, facility, or geographical location from being damaged or destroyed as a result of enemy action. SEIZE: Take possession of a designated area using overwhelming force. SUPPORT BY FIRE: A maneuver force moves to a position where it can engage the enemy by direct fire in support of another maneuvering force. SUPPRESS: Temporary degradation of the performance of a force or weapon system below the level needed to accomplish its mission. TURN: Force an enemy unit from one avenue of approach or movement corridor to another.

9. P(R) RIP P(F) C C G G S S Tactical Mission Graphics (Tactical Enabling Operations) SECURITY OPERATIONS (SCREEN): A form of security operations that primarily provides early warning to the protected force. A screen provides the least amount of protection of any security mission. Primarily uses indirect fires and close air support. FM 3-90, Tactics, Jul 01, pp. 12-13 to 12-19 SECURITY OPERATIONS (GUARD): A form of security operations that protects the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information. Primarily uses direct and indirect fires, as well as close air support. FM 3-90, Tactics, Jul 01, pp. 12-19 to 12-25 SECURITY OPERATIONS (COVER): A form of security operations that protects the main body by fighting to gain time while observing and reporting information. This is a self-contained force capable of operating independently of the main body. FM 3-90, Tactics, Jul 01, pp. 12-25 to 12-31 RELIEF IN PLACE: Tactical enabling operation in which, by the direction of higher authority, all or part of a unit is replaced in an area by the incoming unit. FM 3-90, Tactics, Jul 01, pp. 15-1 to 15-7 PASSAGE OF LINES (Forward): Tactical enabling operation in which one unit moves through another unit’s positions with the intent of moving into contact with the enemy. FM 3-90, Tactics, Jul 01, pp. 16-6 to 16-8 PASSAGE OF LINES (Rearward): Tactical enabling operation in which one unit moves through another unit’s positions with the intent of moving out of contact with the enemy. FM 3-90, Tactics, Jul 01, pp. 16-8 to 16-10

10. Basic Unit Symbols

11. Composition of Military Symbols A military symbol is composed of a frame, color (fill), icon(s), and may include text or graphic modifiers that provide additional information. Graphic Modifier Frame Icon Text Modifier 6-37 A Text Modifier Color (Fill)

12. Friendly Hostile Neutral Unknown Instal-lation Unit Equipment Frame Shapes The frame is the geometric border of a military symbol. It represents affiliation, dimension, and status. The frame serves as the base to which the other components of the symbol are added. Affiliation: Refers to the relationship of the symbol being represented to friendly forces. Affiliation categories are shown on the next slide (friend, assumed friend, hostile, suspect, neutral, unknown, and pending). Dimension: Refers to the primary mission area for the symbol. Dimension categories are shown on the next slide (land, sea surface, sea subsurface, air and space, and unknown). Status: Refers to whether a unit is known to be present at the location identified or whether it is a planned or suspected location. Present status is indicated by a solid line and planned or suspected status is indicated by a dashed line. Status Present Planned or Suspected

13. SUST CA MP Brigade-Sized Modular Organizations Brigade Combat Teams (3 Types) Heavy BCT Infantry BCT Stryker BCT Supporting Brigades (5 Types) Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB) Fires Brigade Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (BFSB) Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB) Sustainment Brigade Additional Functional Brigades (Some Examples) Engineer Brigade Civil Affairs Brigade Military Police Brigade Signal Brigade Medical Brigade

14. Echelon (Size) Symbols Echelon or size symbols are placed on the top of the basic symbol. All echelon symbols are illustrated here. Some Examples: Task Organized(Field D) Mechanized Infantry Division Region Army Group Army Aviation Brigade Corps Division/Wing Brigade Regiment / Group Battalion / Squadron Infantry Battalion Task Force Company/Battery/Troop Platoon or Detachment Section Combined Arms Battalion Squad Team / Crew Installation Infantry Company Infantry Company Team Artillery Battery Cavalry Troop

15. Armor and Antiarmor Armor (Symbol: Tank Track) Antiarmor/Antitank (Symbol: Upside Down V) Antiarmor/Antitank (Dismounted) Armored Cavalry Armored Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (with Gun System) Motorized Antiarmor Mechanized Antiarmor New Symbol: Heavy Brigade Combat Team (HBCT) and Combined Arms Battalion (CAB) Mechanized Antiarmor Fighting Vehicle Stryker Antiarmor

16. L Infantry Infantry: Air Assault (with aircraft) Infantry: Arctic Infantry (Symbol: Crossed Straps) Infantry: Mechanized (Generic Armored Personnel Carrier) Infantry: Light Infantry: Tracked Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle (with Gun System) Infantry: Motorized Infantry: Wheeled Armored Vehicle Infantry: Mountain Infantry: Wheeled Armored Vehicle (with Gun System) Infantry: Airborne Infantry: Tracked Amphibious USMC Infantry Landing Vehicle Infantry: Air Assault (without aircraft)

17. LRS Cavalry, Reconnaissance, and Scouts Reconnaissance / Cavalry (Symbol: Cavalry Bandoleer) Armored Cavalry Armored Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (with Gun System) Long Range Surveillance Wheeled Armored Recon Motorized Reconnaissance Wheeled Armored Recon (with Gun System) Air Cavalry Observation Post (Dismounted Recon) Airborne Reconnaissance Amphibious Reconnaissance (Marine)

18. CONS S CONS CBT CBT CONS L Engineer Engineer: Airborne Engineer: Mechanized Engineer (Symbol: Bridge) Engineer: Light Engineer: Mechanized Combat Engineer: Bridging Engineer: Scatterable Mine-laying Engineer: Armored Veh Launched Bridge Engineer: Combat Engineer: Construction Engineer: Pipe-line Construction Engineer: Floating Bridge Engineer: Topographic Engineer: Railway Unit Engineer: Railway Construction Engineer: Air Assault

19. Field Artillery and Mortars FA: Self-Propelled Rocket Artillery Mortar: Light (60mm) Field Artillery (FA) (Symbol: Cannonball) FA: Multiple Rocket Launcher Mortar: Med (81mm) FA: Towed Howitzer Mortar: Heavy (120mm) FA: Dismounted Fire Support Team (FIST) FA: Radar FA: Self-Propelled Howitzer Mortar: Tracked FA: Survey Team FA: Combat Observation and Lasing Team (COLT) Mortar: Wheeled FA: Forward Observer (FO) Mortar: Towed Airborne

20. R A U L L A U M M U A H H SAR Aviation and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Attack: Light (AH-1) Lift: Light (UH-1 or UH-60) Aviation (Symbol: Rotary Wing) Attack: Medium (AH-64) Lift: Medium (UH-47 or CH-46) Aviation: Rotary Wing Lift: Heavy (CH-53) Aviation: Fixed Wing Attack: Heavy Rotary Wing: Air Cavalry Rotary Wing: Recon Scout (OH-58) Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Rotary Wing: Search and Rescue (SAR) Rotary Wing: Medical Evacuation

21. NBC/Chem Defense Fixed-wing (avn basic) Medical Supply /Materiel Support Signal Air Defense Airborne Infantry Company Air Assault Infantry Company Transportation Maintenance Airborne

22. Graphic Control Measures

23. Graphic Control Measures • Overlays: • Overlays are graphics drawn on top of a map, sketch, or photograph. To ensure accurate alignment, the overlay must have at least two reference marks at opposite locations (example: top left and lower right). • On computer-generated displays, the overlay should be developed so it can be “turned on or off” over or in front of the map, sketch, or photograph. • Colors: • Friendly graphic control measures are shown in black. • Hostile graphic control measures are shown in red. If red is not available, place the abbreviation “ENY” on the graphic in at least two places. • If other colors are used to show friendly or hostile factions, use a legend to ensure understanding of the use of colors on the overlay. • Neutral or unknown graphic control measures should be shown in green and yellow if available. If green and yellow are not available, draw neutral or unknown graphics in black and include the abbreviations of “NEU” for neutral or “UNK” for unknown. • Obstacles (friendly, hostile, neutral, unknown or factional) are shown in green. If green is not available, draw obstacles in black.

24. 52ID (UK) 2ID (US) III Corps 4ID 1/25 ID 3/4 ID Boundary between two divisions * Boundary between division and corps 1 4ID 4ID V Corps Boundary between brigade and division Graphic Control Measures • Labeling:Make all text labeling upper case letters and place size markings perpendicular to the boundary line. Examples of Labeling for Vertical (north / south) Boundaries: Boundary between two brigades of different divisions Example of Labeling for a Horizontal (east / west) Boundary: Boundary between division and corps *When a boundary is between units of different countries, the two-letter country code is shown in parentheses behind or below the unit designation.

25. Graphic Control Measures • Boundaries:For boundaries, abbreviations of unit designations can be used when the abbreviation will not cause confusion. Use Arabic numerals to show the numbers (designation) of units, except for a corps boundary. Use Roman numerals to show the number (designation) of corps. Example of Labeling for Lateral Boundaries: 9 ID 95 ID 3 95 ID 3 V CORPS V CORPS 95 ID 1 1 95 ID 95 ID 5 ID

26. RED 90 ACP 2 CCP 1 270 3 BDE ATP AG2349 12M Communications Tower LD LD PL RED PL RED PZ EAGLE 22080000ZDEC07- 22180000ZDEC07 Examples of Graphic Control Measures Graphic control measures are graphic directives given by a commander to subordinate commanders to assign responsibilities, coordinate fire and maneuver, and control combat operations. The following examples illustrate some of the more commonly used graphic control measures: • Lines • Deception • Offensive, and Special Maneuver • Areas • Points • Fire Support • Mobility, Countermobility, and Survivability • Airspace Control FM 1-02, Operational Terms and Graphics, Sep 04, p. 7-1

27. Example HL HL PL SAND PL SAND 17 ABN DIV 4ID XX 1AD XX 4ID Line Modifier Fields This figure shows the placement of line modifier fields. Label lines named as phase lines as “PL (name).” Label lines that have a specific purpose and are also named as phase lines (such as no-fire line - NFL, or handover line - HL) on top of the line at both ends of the line inside the lateral boundaries, or as often as necessary for clarity. The following slides illustrate commonly used examples of line graphics.

28. FLOT X X FLOT FLOT X PL RED PL RED PL (NAME) PL (NAME) XX XX X FLOT HL HL PL SAND PL SAND HL HL 17 ABN DIV 4ID XX 1AD XX 4ID Lines Example Graphic Forward Line of Own Troops (FLOT). Friendly Present. Phase Line (PL). Handover Line (HL). Forward Line of Own Troops (FLOT). Friendly Planned or On Order.

29. Lines Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL). (Here, the FSCL is also a Phase Line). FSCL EUSA FSCL EUSA PL GRANT PL GRANT 210430ZNOV07 240430ZNOV07 210430ZNOV07 240430ZNOV07 XXXX XXXX

30. T Example H B W PZ EAGLE 22080000ZDEC07- 22180000ZDEC07 W N B Area Modifier Fields This figure shows the placement of area labeling fields. Areas will normally be marked with the abbreviation for the type of area followed by a name. Place this labeling in the center of the area unless the area is too small or the labeling would interfere with locating units. Not all fields are required for each area; some areas may use only one field, while others will use several. The field explanations below indicate the most frequentlyused. The following slides illustrate commonly used examples of area graphics. Field Field Type Description B Echelon Denotes the size of a unit. H Additional Info Free Text. N Hostile (Enemy) Denotes hostile symbol. The letters “ENY” are used. T Unique Designation Alphanumeric title that uniquely identifies a particular symbol (AA, NFA, FFA, OBJ). W Date-Time-Group Alphanumeric designator for displaying a date/time group (DDHHMMSSZMONYY).

31. N N ENY ENY N N ENY ENY Areas Example Graphic Friendly Area. Friendly Planned or On Order Area. Enemy Known or Confirmed Area. Enemy Suspected Area.

32. AA EAGLE 2 23 LZ NAME LZ BIRD AA IRON AA NAME 3 37 AA ROCK AA NAME 5 13 Areas Example Graphic Assembly Area (AA). Landing Zone (LZ). (Straight lines may also be used). Assembly Area (AA) Occupied by Multiple Units. Proposed or On Order Assembly Area (AA).

33. EA NAME EA SCOTT FAA NAME FAA CARIBOU Areas Example Graphic Engagement Area (EA). Forward Assembly Area (FAA).

34. Example H 3 CKP T W W A/T Q Point Modifier Fields This figure shows the placement of point labeling fields. Most points are depicted as shown below; however, there are other points (contact, coordination, decision, and target) that are depicted differently. Not all fields are required for each area; some areas may use only one field, while others will use several. The following slides illustrate commonly used examples of point graphics. Field Field Type Description A Symbol/Abbreviation Name/type of the point. Below this the designation of the unit servicing that point can be included (Field A/T). H Additional Info Free Text. Q Offset Indicator Denotes precise location or to declutter. T Unique Designation An alphanumeric title that uniquely identifies a particular symbol (such as AXP, DCN, EPW, MCP). W Date-Time-Group Alphanumeric designator for displaying a date/time group (DDHHMMSSZMONYY), or “O/O” for on order.

35. CKP CKP 4 Q H H H H T T T T W W W W PP PP 12 W W W W Q SP SP D Q RP RP 5 Q Points Example Graphic Checkpoint (CKP). Passage Point (PP). Start Point (SP). Release Point (RP). FM 1-02, Operational Terms and Graphics, Sep 04, Tab 7-13, pp. 7-42 to 7-43

36. DET 27 DET Q H H H H EPW 2W T T T T T T T T W W W W EPW 800 MP BDE W W W W Q LRP BB LRP Q ROM 14E ROM Q Points Example Graphic Detainee Collection Point (DET). Enemy Prisoner of War Collection Point (EPW). Logistics Release Point (LRP). Refuel on the Move Point (ROM).

37. 4 Q H H H H 6 T T T T W W W W W W W W Q W Q 3 Q Points Example Graphic Supply Point (US only). Class I. Supply Point (US only). Class III. Supply Point (US only). Class V. Supply Point (US only). Class IX.

38. NUMBER 3 X X NUMBER 11 Other Points Example Graphic Special Point. Contact Point (CP). Coordination Point. Decision Point (DP).

39. LION NAME TIGER NAME Deception Example Graphic Dummy (also Decoy or Feint). Axis of Advance for a Feint. Direction of Attack for a Feint. Decoy Mined Area.

40. II A 1-17 1 45 II 1-101 2 7 Offensive Example Graphic Friendly Aviation Axis of Advance. Friendly Attack Helicopter Axis of Advance. Friendly Ground Axis of Shaping Operations. Friendly Ground Axis of Decisive Operations.

41. W NAME EFF 210730MAY GOLD EFF ENY N N N N ENY ENY ENY Offensive Example Graphic Friendly Ground Axis On Order with Date and Time (if known) Effective. Enemy Known or Confirmed Axis of Advance. Enemy Templated or Suspected Axis of Advance.

42. N ENY II 3 128 II 2 7 x 6 Offensive Example Graphic Friendly Aviation Direction of Attack. Enemy Aviation Known or Confirmed Direction of Attack. Friendly Direction of Shaping Operations. Friendly Direction of Decisive Operations.

43. ATK NAME ATK FOX NAME OAK AO JTF 911 AO NAME NAI NUMBER NAI 17 Special Maneuver Example Graphic Friendly Attack Position. Attack by Fire Position. Area ofOperations (AO). Named Area of Interest (NAI).

44. FSCL EUSA FSCL EUSA PL GRANT PL GRANT 210430ZNOV07 240430ZNOV07 210430ZNOV07 240430ZNOV07 FSCL FSCL XXXX XXXX PAA PAA PAA PAA PAA PAA PAA PAA T T T T NFA V CORPS 140700ZJUN07 210700ZJUN07 W W W W W W W W W W or EFF or EFF RFA NFA NFA RFA III MEF EFF 100001Z DEC07 Fire Support Example Graphic Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL). Position Area for Artillery (PAA). No-Fire Area (NFA). Restrictive Fire Area (RFA).

45. NUMBER 101 TARGET DESIGNATOR AG2349 12M COMMUNICATIONS TOWER TARGET DESCRIPTION TARGET ALTITUDE TARGET DESIGNATOR AF6744 NAME OWL TARGET DESIGNATOR AF0210 TARGET DESIGNATOR AF0075 TARGET DESIGNATOR AF0111 Fire Support Example Graphic Target Reference Point (TRP). Point/Single Target. Linear Target. Series of Targets Using Regular Targets.

46. Mobility, Countermobility and Survivability Example Graphic Completed Antitank Ditch. (Points face toward hostile force) Antipersonnel (AP) Mine.(Dashed Arrow Shows Direction of Effects) Antipersonnel Minefield. Antitank Minefield. Antitank (AT) Mine. Bridge or Gap Crossing.

47. Mobility, Countermobility and Survivability (Obstacle Effects) Example Graphic Block. Note: The vertical line indicates the limit of the enemy advance and the width of the obstacles or where the obstacles tie into untrafficable terrain. The horizontal line is relative to the depth of the obstacles. Fix. Note: The irregular part of the symbol indicates where enemy advance is slowed by obstacles. Turn. Note: The direction of the arrow indicates desired turn direction. Disrupt. Note: The short arrows indicate where obstacles disrupt enemy. The long arrows indicate where bypass is allowed and attacked by fires.

48. Task Organization Composition Graphics

49. 2-2 1/1ID(M) 2-2 (M) Task Organization Composition Graphics • The headquarters and individual units of the task organization may be portrayed graphically by using multiple unit symbols as shown in Part 2, Composition of Unit Symbols. In this example, a task force (TF) is organized around the headquarters of the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment (Mechanized), of the 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) using a unit symbol. • These symbols provide a rapid and easily understood means through situation maps and overlays to express an operation plan, concept or situation. • However, they do not provide decision makers with a quick and easy method of portraying information relating to task organization composition. Using the task organization branch or functional symbols (examples shown next slide), the same task force can be illustrated as a Task Organization Composition Graphic. • These additional details show that Task Force 2-2 is organized with two mechanized infantry companies, one armor company, one engineer company, and one antitank platoon. • If any unit is not one echelon lower than the designated unit on top, then the echelon indicator is used. Combat Effectiveness Graphic

50. Task Organization Composition Symbols Branch or Function Air Defense Infantry Air Assault Infantry Armored Cavalry Airborne Infantry Light Infantry L Attack Helicopters Air Cavalry Medium Infantry M Assault/Lift Helicopters Mountain Infantry Field Artillery 2-2 (M) Reconnaissance/Scout Task Organization Unit Symbols Task Organization Composition Symbols Branch or Function Armor Antitank Mechanized Infantry Engineer