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Psychological therapies:

Psychological therapies:. Systematic desensitisation and Cognitive behavioural therapy. Lesson objectives. Starter . Write down four key assumptions of the behavioural approach. Remember! Make sure you link these to abnormality. 1) 2) 3) 4). Evaluation of behavioural therapy. Strengths

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Psychological therapies:

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  1. Psychological therapies: Systematic desensitisation and Cognitive behavioural therapy

  2. Lesson objectives

  3. Starter Write down four key assumptions of the behavioural approach. Remember! Make sure you link these to abnormality. 1) 2) 3) 4)

  4. Evaluation of behavioural therapy • Strengths P: Effectiveness: research has found that SD is successful for a range of anxiety disorders. For example about 75% of patients with phobias respond to SD (McGrath et al, 1990) E: Capafons et al (1998) reported that when used with aerophobics (ppl who have a phobia of flying) those who had undergone SD reported lower levels of fear (compared to control grp) and lower physiological signs of fear during a flight stimulation. E: Therefore.... ????

  5. Strength 2 P Behavioural therapies tend to be quick and require less effort on the patient’s part than other psychotherapies where patients must play a more active part in their treatment. E Behavioural therapies may be the only treatment possible for certain groups of people. For example for some individuals with severe learning difficulties. E Therefore this suggests....

  6. Weaknesses P: SD may appear to resolve a problem (such as a fear) but eliminating or suppressing symptoms may result in other symptoms appearing (symptom substitution) E: Langevin (1983) claims that there is no evidence to support this objection. E: Therefore....

  7. Weakness P: There may be reduced effectiveness for some phobias. E: Ohman et al (1975) suggests that SD may not be as effective in treating anxieties that have an underlying evolutionary survival component. (e.g. Fear of dangerous animals) than in treating phobias that have started as a result of personal experience. E: Therefore..........

  8. Exam focus: Jan 2010 Hamish has a phobia of heights. This phobia has now become so bad that he has difficulty in going to his office on the third floor, and he cannot even sit on the top deck of a bus anymore. He has decided to try systematic de-sensitisation to help him with his problem. • Explain how the therapist might use systematic de-sensitisation to help Hamish to overcome his phobia. (6 MARKS)

  9. Mark scheme • Main techniques are: firstly, teach deep muscle or progressive relaxation. • The therapist and client construct an anxiety hierarchy, starting with situations that cause a small amount of fear – in Hamish’s case this might be standing on a small stepladder – then listing situations that cause more fear, with the most frightening situation being at the top of the hierarchy, such as standing on top of a mountain. • Finally, they work through this list, with the client remaining relaxed at each stage. The two main features are relaxation and working through the anxiety hierarchy.

  10. 6 marks Effective explanation of the main stages of systematic de-sensitisation demonstrating sound knowledge of the therapy as applied to fear of heights. • 5-4 marks Reasonable explanation of the main stages of systematic de-sensitisation applied to fear of heights. • 3-2 marks Basic explanation of systematic de-sensitisation with some attempt to apply to fear of heights. • 1 mark Very brief/flawed of inappropriate • Rudimentary, muddled explanation of systematic de-sensitisation demonstrating very limited knowledge • 0 marks: No creditworthy material.

  11. Evaluation: Strengths P:Effectiveness: REBT has done well in outcome studies (i.e. Studies designed to measure responses to treatment) E: Engels et al (1993) carried out a meta-analysis and concluded that REBT is an effective treatment for a number different disorders including OCD. E: Therefore this suggests....

  12. Strengths P: A strength of REBT and CBT is that it is not only useful for people suffering from mental disorders but also for non clinical populations (those people who may suffer from lack of assertiveness or exam anxiety. E: Therefore the treatment has clear real life applications not only for... And is a successful treatment for....

  13. Weaknesses P: CBT fails to address the irrational environments in which clients exist and continue beyond the therapeutic situation. E: Examples of irrational environments include Unhappy marriages with bullying partners, jobs with over critical bosses and as a result these environments continue to produce and reinforce irrational thoughts and maladaptive behaviours. E: Therefore it can be criticised for not getting to the root of the problem and ignoring important environmental influence which result in the abnormality.

  14. Weaknesses P: Like all psychotherapies CBT does not always work and it is not always what people want. E: Ellis believed that sometimes people who claimed to be following REBT/CBT principles were not putting their revised beliefs into action. In some cases people did not want the direct advice that these practitioners gave. E: Therefore CBTmaynot always be effective with all individuals in treating abnormality.

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