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The Energy in our Universe

The Energy in our Universe. Dr. Darrel Smith Department of Physics. Sources of Energy in the Universe. 1.   Matter     a.  Gravity     b .  Fusion 2. Photons --  CMB  2.7 deg. 3. Neutrinos  --  1.7 deg. 4.   Dark Matter 5.   Dark Energy. Our Sun. How much power is generated by the sun?

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The Energy in our Universe

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  1. The Energy in our Universe Dr. Darrel Smith Department of Physics

  2. Sources of Energy in the Universe • 1.   Matter     a.  Gravity    b.  Fusion • 2. Photons --  CMB  2.7 deg. • 3. Neutrinos  --  1.7 deg. • 4.   Dark Matter • 5.   Dark Energy

  3. Our Sun • How much power is generated by the sun? • 200 megawatts 2 x 108 watts • 5,000 terawatts 5 x 1015 watts • 2,500 exawatts 2.5 x 1021 watts • 380,000,000 exawatts 3.8 x 1026 watts The power is called the Luminosity (watts)

  4. How does it make that energy? • Fusion of hydrogen pppne+ne T + D  He4 + n Surface Temperature vs. Core Temperature

  5. What does it cost to make all this sunshine? • In other words, what does this do to the mass of the sun? • Mass is converted to energy • Power • 1% of the solar mass  100 billion years to burn off

  6. Energy from type 1a Supernovae • Type 1a Supernovae • Releases a uniform amount of energy 1-2 x 1044 joules • Luminosity ~ 5 billion times greater than the sun • ~10 billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy

  7. Formation of a supernovae

  8. Remnants of Supernovae • Crab Nebula (1054 AD) • Power output = 5 x 1031 W = 130,000 Lo • A pulsar in the core providesthe energy. • Pulsar is a highly magnetizedrotating neutron star. • Rotational K.E. is decreasing.

  9. Supernovae observed • 1054 AD Observed by the Chinese Observed by Anasazis in Chaco Canyon 6500 light years away • 1987A Supernova in the LargeMagellanic Cloud.

  10. Supernovae Summary • 1.  Energy comes from where? • 2.  Where does the energy go? • 3.  Source of heavy elements • 4.  Indicator of Dark Energy

  11. Particle Astrophysics • Big Bang Cosmology • How do we know what the early universe was like? • The LHC at CERN

  12. Big Bang Cosmology • From t=0 through today • How do we know this? Particle Astrophysics

  13. Particle Astrophysics • The Tevatron at Fermilab

  14. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva, Switzerland

  15. Standard Model • The physicists equivalent to the periodic table. • Unifies QCD with EW interactions into a single structure. • It does not include gravity. • It is a quantum field theory that is consistent with quantum mechanics and special relativity.

  16. Standard Model q = +2/3 e q = -1/3 e q = 0 e q = -1 e

  17. Particles have masses Mp = 0.938 Gev/c2

  18. Big Bang Cosmology

  19. What is the Higgs Particle? • So, how do particle acquire mass? • Through their interaction with the Higgs field. W+ W- Zo 

  20. How is the Higgs formed? • The fusion of one quark from each proton. • Coming together at high energy. A simulated event in the Atlas detector

  21. How is the Higgs formed? • The fusion of one gluon from each proton. • Coming together at high energy. A simulated event in the Atlas detector

  22. Why such a big machine? • We need high energies to make massive particles. E = mc2

  23. Why such small distances? • We need to put that energy in a small volume to make a high energy density. l = h/p

  24. Mass vs. Size • Mass is not proptional to size. • Masses of the W and Z particles • MW = 82 GeV/c2 • Mz = 90 GeV/c2 • Mproton = 0.928 GeV/c2

  25. Galactic Rotation Curves Velocity = constant (??) Bulge + Disk + Dark Halo

  26. Where’s the “missing mass” ? • Could it be neutrinos? • Could it be black holes?

  27. Dark Energy • Different from “dark matter” • It causes the universe to expand (i.e., to accelerate outward. • How is this observed? • http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/mysteries_l1/dark_energy.html

  28. Dark Energy • Changes in the rate of expansion • The more shallow the curve, the faster the rate of expansion.

  29. Dark Energy • Most of the energy in the universe today is “dark energy.” • Next, comes “dark matter.” • Only 4% of the universe is made of “regular matter.”Neutrons, Protons, electrons, photons, & neutrinos.

  30. Exotic Propulsion • How can we travel through our galaxy? • Matter-Antimatter propulsion • Nuclear-Thermal Propulsion • Faster-than-light propulsion (??)

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