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Critical Thinking

Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Critical Thinking and Reasoning Fall Quarter, 2007. Critical Thinking. Another Major Category of Cognition What is Critical Thinking? The evaluation of ideas for their quality, especially in judging whether they make sense

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Critical Thinking

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  1. Education 173Cognition and Learning in Educational SettingsCritical Thinking and ReasoningFall Quarter, 2007

  2. Critical Thinking • Another Major Category of Cognition • What is Critical Thinking? • The evaluation of ideas for their quality, especially in judging whether they make sense • A Critical Thinker Might Ask. • Is the reasoning clear? • Does one idea follow from another? • Are the ideas backed by evidence?

  3. Concept Learning • Concrete and Abstract Concepts • Learning Concepts By Their Features • Defining features (rule formation) • A bird has [feathers]. . . A bird does [lay eggs]. . . • Typical features (prototype) • A [typically] bird flies, sings, perches in trees • Learning Concepts By Examples and Nonexamples • Borderline cases can hep (Pluto, dolphins) • Superordinate and subordinate concepts • Basic concepts (mammal, DOG, spaniel)

  4. Inferential Reasoning • Inference is Going from the Known to the Unknown • The Main Types of Inferential Reasoning • Inductive reasoning • From specific instance to general principle • Scientific discoveries often involve induction • Deductive reasoning • From general principle to specific instance • Scientific applications often involve deduction

  5. Transfer • Transfer is the Application of Knowledge Learned in One Setting to a Different Setting • Buying paint • Types of Transfer • Positive and negative transfer • Near and far transfer

  6. Learning Strategies • Simple Rehearsal is One Way to Learn • Repetition, total time matters • Enhancing Learning from Text • Distinguish the most important ideas: Underline/highlight • Find structure: Draw a diagram; Outline • Elaborate: Write comments • Mnemonics • Keyword mnemonic (Involves imagery) • (Haydn/Classical: “hiding” in a “class”) • Acronyms (ROY G BIV) (EGBDF)

  7. More Learning Strategies Types of Research • Concept Mapping • Nodes and links • Self Talk • What is interesting and important? • What seems questionable or incorrect? • Do I understand? Correlational Qualitative Experimental

  8. Time Management • Massed vs. Distributed Practice • A “law” of learning • For a set amount of study time, how is it best arranged? • Spread it out rather than bunch it together • Goal Setting • Proximal goals • Rather than distal • Specific goals • Rather than general

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