The Protestant Reformation: Catalyst for Change

1. “Don’t worry when you are not recognized, but strive to be worthy of recognition.”- Abraham LincolnOdontophobia is the fear of teeth.

3. The Protestant Reformation Main Idea Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.

4. Dissatisfaction Financing Basilica Working Off Sins • Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality • People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened • Heavy taxation also caused discontent • Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences: pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory • Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica • Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed • Sale of indulgences widely criticized • Government separate from the church Catholicism in the 1400s Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation

8. John Wycliffe and Jan Hus

9. Question: What conditions led to the Protestant Reformation? Answer(s): Church's financial corruption; immorality; abuse of power

10. The Ninety-Five Theses Stimulated Discussion • Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful • In theses (95), said indulgences had no power to remit sin • Criticized power of pope, wealth of church • Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people • Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards • Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals • Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople • Desire for reform grew Martin Luther Martin Luther’spublic criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

15. Luther’s Message • Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate • Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace can’t be won by good works; faith alone needed • 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope • Empowered the People • Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible • To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German • Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy

18. Reactions to Luther • Church’s Response • 1520, Pope Leo Xexpelled Luther from the Church • 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V • German Diet • Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms • Refused to change opinions • Edict of Worms • Emperor handed down Edict of Worms • Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings • Luther’s ideas spread • Protestant • 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany • German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this • TermProtestant came from this

21. Question: Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day. Answer(s): God's grace cannot be won by good works but by faith; leader of church is Jesus, not pope; people can interpret scripture; practices come from Bible; challenged Catholic practices and the authority of the pope

22. Ulrich Zwingli

23. John Calvin • Background • John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther • Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists • Supported reforms of Luther in Germany • Influenced by Augustine • Preached doctrine of predestination • God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation • Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end • People Sinful by Nature • Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior • Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline • Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation

26. John Knox and Anabaptists

27. Question: How did the ideas of reformers who came after Luther differ from those of Luther? Answer(s): some were more radical; included ideas of theocracy, predestination

28. A King’s Protest Annulment Opposition • 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 • Devout Catholic - wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas • Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” • By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary • Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England • Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled • Pope would not agree to annulment • Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment • Dilemma became “the king’s great matter” • Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn Protestantism Spreads to England • Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers. • Reformation began with the king in England

31. Catherine of Aragon and Pope Clement VII

32. Anne Boleyn

34. The Reformation Parliament • Henry Takes Over • Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope • Henry became head of Church of England • Church of England • Henry changed rituals of church very little • Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles • This built more public support for split from Catholic Church • Act of Supremacy • Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled • Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth • Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England” • Protestantism would go through varying levels of support with Henry’s heirs

36. Question: What caused the Reformation to spread to England? Answer(s): the desire of Henry VIII to annul his marriage

37. “One of the lessons of history is that nothing is often a good thing to do and always a clever thing to say.”- Will DarantThere are two credit cards for every person in the U.S.

38. The Counter-Reformation Main Idea Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the zeal of Catholics everywhere.

39. Loyola Jesuits • 1534, order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman, former soldier • Loyola ran Jesuits like military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above all • Jesuits concentrated on education as means for combating Protestant Reformation; established missions, schools, universities • Before Luther, some Catholics working toward reform - Counter-Reformation • Some tried to change church from within - others formed new religious orders whose members worked to reform church • Work renewed church’s emphasis on spirituality, service • Most influential of these, the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits Reforming the Catholic Church

40. St. Ignatius of Loyola

41. Boston College, Mass.

42. Reforms Mystery No Compromise • Delegates addressed abuses • Reforms addressed corruption of clergy • Training of priests regulated • Financial abuses curbed • Sale of indulgences abolished • Rejected Protestants’ emphasis on self-discipline, individual faith • Argued church helped believers achieve salvation using mystery, magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith • No compromise between Catholicism, Protestantism • Bold action great boost to Catholicism, renewed energy, confidence • Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide; Renaissance women in religious orders took more active roles Council of Trent Recognizing the need to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545. Delegates examined Catholic practices and clarified teaching on important points.

45. Mary Ward and St. Teresa of Avila

46. The Inquisition • Roman Inquisition • 1542, to counter Reformation, church established church court • Roman Inquisition tried people accused of being Protestants, of practicing witchcraft, of breaking church law • Spanish Inquisition • Spanish monarchs set up, controlled much harsher Spanish Inquisition, 1478 • Used Inquisition to impose religious uniformity, especially on converted Jews, Muslims, later on Protestants • Abuse of Church’s Power • Church tried to stamp out rebellion through Index of Forbidden Books • Church warned reading these books would cause people to lose souls • Accounts of torture, executions by courts damaged church’s image