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Chapter 2: Problem Solving

Chapter 2: Problem Solving. Software development method specification of needs problem analysis design and algorithmic representation implementation testing and verification documentation. Introduction to Problem Solving.

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Chapter 2: Problem Solving

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  1. Chapter 2: Problem Solving • Software development method • specification of needs • problem analysis • design and algorithmic representation • implementation • testing and verification • documentation

  2. Introduction to Problem Solving • Problem solving is a process of transforming the description of a problem into the solution of that problem by using our knowledge of the problem domain and by relying on our ability to select and use appropriate problem-solving strategies, techniques and tools. • Computers can be used to help us in doing problem solving.

  3. Specification of Needs • To understand exactly: • what the problem is • what is needed to solve it • what the solution should provide • if there are constraints and special conditions.

  4. Problem Analysis • In the analysis phase, we should identify the following: • Inputs to the problem, their form and the input media to be used • Outputs expected from the problem, their form and the output media to be used • Special constraints (if any) • Formulas or equations to be used

  5. Design and Algorithmic Representation • An algorithm is a sequence of a finite number of steps arranged in a specific logical order which, when executed, produces the solution for a problem. • An algorithm must satisfy these requirements: • It must have an input • It must have an output • It should not be ambiguous (there should not be different interpretations to it)

  6. It must be general (it can be used for different inputs) • It must be correct and it must solve the problem for which it is designed • It must execute and terminate in a finite amount of time • It must be efficient enough so that it can solve the intended problem using the resource currently available on the computer • An algorithm can be represented using pseudocodes or flowcharts.

  7. Pseudocodes • A pseudocode is a semiformal, English-like language with limited vocabulary that can be used to design and describe algorithms. • Criteria of a good pseudocode: • Easy to understand, precise and clear • Gives the correct solution in all cases • Eventually ends • In 1966, two researchers, C. Bohn and G. Jacopini, demonstrated that any algorithm can be described using only 3 control structures: sequence, selection and repetition.

  8. The sequence control structure • A series of steps or statements that are executed in the order they are written in an algorithm. • The beginning and end of a block of statements can be optionally marked with the keywords begin and end. • Example: begin read birthDate age = today’s date - birth date print age end • The selection control structure • Defines two courses of action depending on the outcome of a condition. A condition is an expression that is either true or false.

  9. The keyword used are if and else. • Example: if age > 55 print “sudah pencen” else print “kerja lagi” end_if • The repetition control structure • Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied. • The keyword used is while.

  10. Example: while user still wants to play begin Select either to play on network or play against computer if play on network create connection to remote machine play game with connected computer else select mission play game locally end_if Ask user whether he/she still wants to play end end_while

  11. Flowcharts • Flowcharts is a graph used to depict or show a step by step solution using symbols which represent a task. • The symbols used consist of geometrical shapes that are connected by flow lines.

  12. Terminal symbol - indicates the beginning and end points of an algorithm. Process symbol - shows an instruction other than input, output or selection. Input-output symbol - shows an input or an output operation. Disk storage I/O symbol - indicates input from or output to disk storage. Printer output symbol - shows hardcopy printer output.

  13. Selection symbol - shows a selection process for two-way selection. Off-page connector - provides continuation of a logical path on another page. On-page connector - provides continuation of logical path at another point in the same page. Flow lines - indicate the logical sequence of execution steps in the algorithm.

  14. Begin True False Play on network? Create connection Select mission Play game remotely Play game locally True Play again? False End

  15. Implementation • The process of implementing an algorithm by writing a computer program using a programming language (for example, using C language) • The output of the program must be the solution of the intended problem

  16. Testing and Verification • Program testing is the process of executing a program to demonstrate its correctness • Program verification is the process of ensuring that a program meets user-requirement • After the program is compiled, we must run the program and test/verify it with different inputs before the program can be released to the public or other users (or to the instructor of this class)

  17. Documentation • Contains details produced at all stages of the program development cycle. • Can be done in 2 ways: • Writing comments between your line of codes • Creating a separate text file to explain the program • Important not only for other people to use or modify your program, but also for you to understand your own program after a long time (believe me, you will forget the details of your own program after sometime)

  18. Although documentation is listed as the last stage of software development method, it is actually an on-going process which should be done from the very beginning of the software development process.

  19. A Very Simple Example PROBLEM You are required to develop a complete system which will enable the sum of two values to be calculated. What do we have to do first?

  20. Calculating Electricity Bills The unit for electricity usage is kWh. For domestic usage, the tariff used is tariff A. The monthly rate for tariff A is 21.8 cents/unit for the first 200 unit, 25.8 cents/unit for the next 800 units and 27.8 cents/unit for each additional units. Given the amount of electricity units (in kWh) used by a customer, compute and print the amount of money needs to be paid by the customer to TNB.

  21. Calculating Electricity Bills Begin Print “Enter the usage (unit): ” Read usage if (usage > 200) payment = 200 x 21.8 usage = usage – 200 if (usage > 800) payment = payment + (800 x 25.8) usage = usage - 800 payment = payment + (usage x 27.8) else payment = payment + (usage x 25.8) end_if else payment = usage x 21.8 end_if Print “Total payment is “, payment End

  22. Calculating Uniten Tuition Fee This program will calculate the total tuition fee for a UNITEN student. The program ask for total number of subject registered. Then it will ask for the number of credit hours for each subject. The program will print out the total tuition fee in RM. Assume that tuition fee is RM300 per credit hour

  23. Calculating Uniten Tuition Fee Print “Enter total number of subject: “ Read totalSubject counter = 0 totalFee = 0 while (counter < totalSubject) Print “Enter the number of credit of the subject: “ Read credit totalFee = totalFee + (credit x 300) counter = counter + 1 end_while Print “The total fee is “, totalfee

  24. Exercise 1. Write pseudocode of a program that calculate the total sum of series starting from 1 to a number specified by user. Example, if user input 4, the result is 1+2+3+4=10. 2. Write pseudocode of a program that will print the net income of a salesman in ABC Bhd given the total sales of a month. The basic salary is RM500. The commission is 5% of the first RM50,000.00 sales, 10% for next RM200,000.00 sales and 20% for the remaining. A sum of 11% of the gross income will be deducted for KWSP contribution.

  25. Answer Begin Print “Enter last number in the series: “ Read lastNumber counter = 1 sum = 0 while (counter<=lastNumber) do sum = sum + counter counter = counter + 1 end_while Print “The sum of the series is “, sum End

  26. Answer Begin Print “Enter monthly sales: “ Read sales income = 500 if (sales>50000) income = income + (0.05 x 50000) sales = sales - 50000 if (sales>200000) income = income + (0.1 x 200000) sales = sales - 200000 income = income + (0.2 x sales) else income = income + (0.1 x sales) end_if else income = income + (0.05 x sales) end_if income = income – (income x 0.11) Print “The net income is “, income End

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