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Soil Thematic Strategy for Europe

Soil Thematic Strategy for Europe. Soil Erosion at European S cale Bob Jones Anton Van Rompaey Valerie Vielliefont Luca Montanarella European S ummer School on Soil Survey Institute for Environment & Sustainability JRC Ispra 21-25 July 200 3. Soil Erosion in Southern Europe - 1.

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Soil Thematic Strategy for Europe

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  1. Soil Thematic Strategy for Europe Soil Erosion at European Scale Bob Jones Anton Van Rompaey Valerie Vielliefont Luca Montanarella European Summer School on Soil Survey Institute for Environment & Sustainability JRC Ispra 21-25 July 2003

  2. Soil Erosion in Southern Europe - 1 Intensive olive cultivation (trees 5–80 years old) near Sevilla, Spain.

  3. Soil Erosion Southern Europe Reservoir trapping sediment in Segura, Spain Erosion in Vineyards, Tuscany, Italy Severe gully erosion in Pedrera, Alicante, Spain Erosion in arable land, Volterra Tuscany, Italy

  4. WEATHERING PROCESSES TRANSPORT PROCESSES Type (S/T) CHEMICAL Mineral Weathering Leaching Ionic Diffusion S T PHYSICAL Freeze-Thaw Salt Weathering Thermal Shattering Mass Movements Landslides Debris Avalanches Debris Flows Soil Creep Gelifluction Tillage Erosion Particle Movements Rockfall Through-Wash Rainsplash Rainflow Rillwash S S S T T T S T T T T BIOLOGICAL Faunal Digestion Root Growth Biological Mixing (often included within Soil Creep) T Classification of Hillslope Processes T – transport S - Supply After Gobin et al. (2000)

  5. Types of soil erosion • Water erosion (Rill and Inter-rill) • Wind erosion • Tillage erosion • Gully erosion • Snowmelt erosion • Harvesting root crops • Bank erosion (rivers, lakes) • Landslides • Underground erosion (geological) • Coastal erosion Water erosion affects the largest area of land in Europe Emphasis must be on accelerated erosion (ie human induced) Wind erosion probably affects a larger area than previously estimated Tillage erosion result of cultivation practices Gully erosion is very destructive at local scale Landslides are increasingly common and also very destructive Underground & coastal erosion are geological/hydrological Snowmelt erosion affects only very restricted areas

  6. WATER EROSION Light Transportation Moderate Strong Mode Extreme Total Detachment by Through the air In Overland Flow Loss of Topsoil 18.9 64.7 9.2 - 92.8 Raindrop Impact RAINSPLASH N/A Terrain Deformation 2.5 16.3 0.6 2.4 21.8 Overland Flow Traction RAINFLOW RILLWASH GULLY EROSION Total: 21.4 81.0 9.8 2.4 114.5 (52.3%) Human induced soil degradation in Europe (M ha) From GLASOD (Oldeman et al, 1991): Includes the European part of Former Soviet Union Types of water erosion

  7. National Soil Survey data: • 1:10,000; 1:25,000; 1:50,000 • 1:250,000 scale • European Soil data: • 1:250,000 scale • 1:1,000,000 scale European Soil Database • Spatial and point data Spatial Soil Data at European level: Status of soil data for the whole of Europe: • harmonised according to a standard international system of soil classification • agreed procedures for data distribution now in place • improved resolution planned for the future • activities at continental level coordinated by ESB

  8. European Soil Database: WRB classification

  9. Structure of European Soil Database

  10. PedotransferRules - 1 European Soil Database

  11. European Soil Database: Soil depth to rock

  12. Soil Erosion Risk in Europe • Problem of degradation is accelerated erosion • Assess the Risk of soil (sediment) loss • Existing estimates of sediment loss in Europe • Expert-based • Model-based • New model under development – PESERAunder EU research contract • Quantification/validation of sediment losses • Monitoring for for soil protection: … is erosion getting worse? … if so how much worse

  13. CORINE Soil Erosion Risk Assessment CORINE (1992)

  14. GLASOD Soil Erosion Risk Assessment Water erosion of soils in Europe according to GLASOD (Van Lynden, 1994).

  15. 1998 1999 2000/2001 2001/2004 PESERA Project KUL(B), INRA(F), JRC, LeedsU(UK), AUA(Gr), CSIC(E), ISRIC(NL) April 2000-March 2003 FWP5 DG Research PESERA model Model specification New meteo data, updated crop cover for future Assessments [Sept 2003 ->] FWP5 DG Research Soil erosion in Europe Yassoglou & Soil Erosion Working Group report to EEA (1998) ESB Project / ESB Network PESERA Proposal by Coordinators KUL (1999) FWP5 DG Research Soil erosion risk assessment in Europe based on soil, climate, topography and land use/cover INRA Orleans JRC Collaboration contract Soil factors: surface crusting & soil texture to estimate soil erodibility (K-factor) July-Sep 2001 JRC Collaboration contract New Soil erosion risk assessment in Europe based on modified soil, crop cover & climate data using PESERA Model Nov.2001 - Sep 2003 JRC/PESERA 1:1M European Soil Database development by INRA, Orleans (1999-2002) JRC Collaboration contract Soil Map of Italy (1:250,000) Project Ecopedologica (1998-2001) JRC Competitive contract Soil Erosion Risk Assessment for Italy 1:250,000 USLE map [Van der Knijff et al] ESB Project & JRC Competitive contract Soil Erosion Risk Assessment for Europe 1:1M USLE map [Van der Knijff et al map] ESB Project & JRC Competitive contract Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection in Europe : Erosion for Soil Directive (2004) MOSES Action support to DG ENV Soil Erosion Risk Assessment: JRC_IES Projects

  16. Soil Erosion European Soil Information

  17. Soil Erosion Risk in Italy(rill & inter-rill)

  18. USLE Soil Erosion Risk in Europe: Actual

  19. USLE Soil Erosion Risk in Europe: Potential

  20. INRA Decision-tree Approach

  21. Pan- European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment PESERA After Kirkby & Irvine (2003)

  22. Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment PESERA

  23. Soil Erosion in Southern Europe - 2 Olive trees (> 100 yrs old) on 15 deg slope in Andalucia, Spain, where the soil has been almost completely eroded away

  24. Responses Driving Forces Impacts Pressures State Framework (DPSIR)for Soil Erosion Good agricultural practice Erosion control measures Conservation tillage European soil protection policy Agriculture intensification Natural events On-site loss of soil reduction in yields desertification Land use practices continuous cultivation deforestation Off-site increased pollution disturbance of hydrology changes in soil functions On-site: soil degradation sediment loss Soil Protection Strategy

  25. Soil Erosion Monitoring in Southern Europe - France

  26. Vineyards in the Cotes du Ventoux near Carpentras, Vaucluse (F)

  27. Vinyards near Carcassonne, Aude (F): site selection

  28. Erosion Monitoring in Andalusia, Spain

  29. Erosion monitoring: site selection 80km east of Sevilla, Spain.

  30. Czech Republic PESERA (t/ha/yr) no data < 0.5 0.5 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 50 > 50 200 km Validation of Soil Erosion Estimates From PESERA model at 1km Italy Belgium

  31. Responses Driving Forces Impacts Pressures State Framework (DPSIR)for Soil Erosion Good agricultural practice Erosion control measures Conservation tillage European soil protection policy Agriculture intensification Natural events On-site loss of soil reduction in yields desertification Land use practices continuous cultivation deforestation Off-site increased pollution disturbance of hydrology changes in soil functions On-site: soil degradation sediment loss Soil Protection Strategy

  32. Soil Degradation in Europe Data Cost Responses Local Driving Forces 2 European soil protection policy Good agricultural practice Erosion control measures Conservation tillage Regional 1 Agriculture intensification Natural events OM% On-site loss of soil reduction in yields desertification 0 EU 1990 1950 1970 Impacts Pressures Land use practices continuous cultivation deforestation Off-site increased pollution disturbance of hydrology changes in soil functions kPa On-site: soil degradation sediment loss State depth • erosion • compaction • organic matter • structural deterioration • desertification 1. What is the problem? 2. Where does it exist? 3. What are the Pressures? 4. What are the impacts? 5. Is it getting worse? 6. … but how much worse? 7. What should be done to stop it? 8. How much will this cost? 9. Who is going to pay? • diffuse pollution • contamination • acidification • salinization • loss of biodiversity European Soil Protection Policy

  33. Harmonize existing soil data of Candidate countries in the framework of the EUSIS • Establish a coherent soil monitoring network • Harmonize soil sampling, analytical and data management procedures to EU standards Future needs for EU enlargement

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