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Fertilization & Early Development

This overview explores the critical stages of human embryonic development from fertilization to the end of the second week. It discusses the transformation of the zygote into a morula, followed by the formation of a blastocyst. The roles of the trophoblast and inner cell mass, which evolve into the embryo, are highlighted. Additionally, it outlines the development of the placenta and its maternal and fetal portions, including structures like the chorion, amnion, and umbilical cord, as well as fetal circulation adaptations such as the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.

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Fertilization & Early Development

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  1. Fertilization & Early Development

  2. zygote

  3. morula Solid ball of cells 3 days after fertilization

  4. blastocyst Morula continues cell division and hollows out to form a blastocyst (day 5 – week 2)

  5. trophoblast The cells that form the wall of the blastocyst

  6. inner cell mass Eventually becomes the developing offspring

  7. embryo / gastrula Embryo is termed a gastrula at the end of the second week

  8. fetus

  9. placenta

  10. maternal portion The area of the uterine wall (decidua basalis) where the chorionic villi attach

  11. fetal portion Includes the chorion and chorionic villi that extends into the uterine wall

  12. Chorion (maroon)

  13. chorionic villi

  14. Amnion (white)

  15. amniotic cavity (space)

  16. yolk sac

  17. Allantois (future umbilical cord)

  18. Fetal circulation

  19. ductus arteriosus Connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending portion of the aortic arch Becomes ligamentum arteriosum

  20. ductus venosus Connects the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver Becomes the ligamentum venosum

  21. foramen ovale An opening in the atrial septum where blood passes from the right atrium directly to the left atrium and bypassing the lungs Becomes fossa ovalis

  22. umbilical cord

  23. umbilical arteries (blue)

  24. umbilical vein (red)

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