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Chapter 12: End of War of 1812 and Nationalism Emerges

Chapter 12: End of War of 1812 and Nationalism Emerges. American Literature and Art. Why significant : American authors writing “fiction” stories of American issues for American people. Washington Irving (Sleepy Hollow) James Fennimore Cooper (Last of the Mohicans)

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Chapter 12: End of War of 1812 and Nationalism Emerges

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  1. Chapter 12: End of War of 1812 andNationalism Emerges

  2. American Literature and Art Why significant: American authors writing “fiction” stories of American issues for American people. Washington Irving (Sleepy Hollow) James Fennimore Cooper (Last of the Mohicans) Before War of 1812: Political issues: Common Sense (Thomas Paine)/ Poor Richard’s Almanac (Ben Franklin) Hudson River Art School: American painters using American landscapes Father of the Hudson R.A.S: Thomas Cole (1801-1848) “If man became familiar with nature, they will become closer to God” Pre-transcendentalist thinking

  3. American Economies • Embargo Act of 1807 = failure • Positive: forced America to think of a domestic agenda Issue: North will develop differently than the South North: industrialized (Industrial Revolution – replace hand tools with machines) South: Agriculture / slavery – tobacco is overshadowed by KING COTTON Eli Whitney • 2 inventions: (1) Cotton Gin and (2) interchangeable parts Cotton Gin: dramatically increased cotton efficiency Effect: acceleration of slavery

  4. Madison’s Tariff of 1816 • England began to flood America with cheap goods. • America responds with passing a higher protective tariff known as • Madison’s Tariff of 1816 (20-25% increase on imported goods) • *Over time, this tariff is increased to wild amounts and is seen as a divisive issue to help spark the Civil War in the 1860s. • America’s benefit: ___________________________________________ • 2 separate economies acted as a disruptive issue for American unity

  5. Henry Clay’s American System • Henry Clay: Speaker of the House • Nickname: Great Compromiser • Purpose of American System: bring the 2 separate economies together to create unity 3 parts (P.I.N.) • P = Protective Tariff • I = Internal Improvements • N = National Bank

  6. 3 Parts of the American System (1) (p) Protective Tariff / Madison’s Tariff of 1816: to “force” the British to look for other international markets (don’t want to pay American tax) Problem: South depends too much on foreign markets…forced to buy finished goods from the North (later renamed the Tariff of Abominations by John C. Calhoun) Southern Reaction: North is still benefiting, South is getting hit worse (2) (i) Internal Improvements (canals and roads) Examples: Erie Canal and National Road American negative issue during the War of 1812 - no way to ship goods and weapons Southern Reaction to Internal Improvements: Hated it! – North is connected to the West (Why should the south pay a tax to benefit the north?) (3) (n) National Bank (resurrection) Downsized by Jefferson years earlier) 2nd Bank of the United States (Positive benefit: National Currency) Later killed off by Andrew Jackson

  7. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings • 1814 – 1824 Characteristics: • 1 Political Party (Republican) – Federalist Party was killed off at the Hartford Convention = hence no political strife / no 2 Party System (2) Upsurge of Nationalism *Note: Era of Good Feeling ends with the Corrupt Bargain of 1824 New president: James Monroe (1816-1824) Problematic issues: Panic of 1819 and Missouri Compromise

  8. Problematic times of Era of Good Feelings • Southern resentment / bitterness (2) Panic of 1819 (FIRST MAJOR FINANCIAL CRISIS IN AMERICAN HISTORY) Land Act of 1820: purchase 80 acres of land for $1.25 an acre. Insolvent Western “Wildcat” Banks Wildcat Bank: Western Bank that gave EASY credit Cause: “over-speculation” (buying too much on credit) – causes every panic or depression through the 1930s The results of the panic were: bankruptcies, companies going out of business, unemployment, people losing their farms, and deflation (drop in prices).

  9. Slavery and Sectional Balance / Missouri Compromise • 1819 – Missouri wanted to become a “slave state” • 1818: Sectional balance between free and slave states, and Missouri’s desire would tip the scale to a slave benefit. • Illinois – 11th free state • Southerners reaction – Missouri will become the next SLAVE state • Alabama = 11th slave state • MISSOURI IS SKIPPED

  10. House Reaction In the House, the Tallmadge Amendment was put forth to limit slavery in Missouri. It proposed that • no more slaves be allowed into Missouri • that slaves born to Missouri slave parents would gradually emancipated. Senate shoots this option down MAIN ARGUMENT in the Missouri Compromise: SLAVERY!!!!! North – trying to liberate slavery South – trying to extend it

  11. Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Henry Clay issues the compromise that • Missouriwould be admitted as a slave state; • Mainewould be admitted as a free state. (balance) • Regarding future slave land, an east-west line was drawn at 36°30’. All new states north of the 36°30’ line would be free, new states southward would be slave (with the exception of Missouri)

  12. McCulloch V. Maryland (1819)&Cohen’s V. Virginia (1821) John Marshall – Legacy: make the federal government stronger McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)—The "Elastic Clause Case" Details: Maryland tried to tax the Bank of the U.S. Chief Justice Marshall used Hamilton's "implied powers" and declared the B.O.U.S. constitutional. “The power to tax is the power to destroy” - John Marshall Cohen’s vs. Virginia (1821)—The "Lottery Case." Details: The Cohen's family sold lottery tickets in Virginia, which was illegal by state law. They argued that there was a federal law saying it was legal. Which law applied? Importance: The Supreme Court showed it had the power to review state court decisions (in cases involving the powers of the federal government). Federal Government: 2 State Government: 0

  13. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)—The "Steamboat Case" Details: Robert Fulton had invented the steamboat and hired Gibbons to pilot the boat along the Hudson River. New York had awarded them monopoly rights to do so. Ogden infringed on the monopoly and ran his own boat, was prosecuted and convicted. Importance: The Supreme Court said New York was wrong to award a monopoly because the Constitution says that only Congress can regulate interstate commerce, not the states. Outcome: Federal government controls interstate commerce and the federal Government is getting stronger Federal government 3, states 0.

  14. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)&Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)—The "Land Scam Contract Case" Details: After being bribed, Georgia gave away millions of acres of land A contract was made. Later, when the people found out about the corruption, a state law was passed revoking the contract. Would it stand? Importance: The Supreme Court said a contract is a contract and the Constitution says it can't be broken by state laws. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)—The "College Charter Case" Details: This is very similar to the Fletcher case. Dartmouth College had been awarded a charter by King George III but New Hampshire revoked it. Would the charter stand? Importance: The Supreme Court said the charter was a contract and, like Fletcher, states could not encroach on contracts. Federal government 5, states 0.

  15. John Quincy AdamsSecretary of State Secretary of State: Foreign issues and policy Treaty of 1818– established the border between British Canada and America (Border line is 49 degrees from Minnesota to Rocky Mountains – still today) Oregon territory: for now – “joint occupation” between the British and America Future president: James K. Polk will fight for this in his 1844 campaign with his 54 40 or fight platform Spanish territory….Runaway slaves and unpredictable Indians Florida = America’s Headache American Congress allowed Andrew Jackson(hero of Battle in Alabama and New Orleans) to trek into Florida to capture slaves and to punish the Indians John Quincy Adams issued the Florida Purchase Treaty or the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) End result: America paid $5 million and ceded FLORIDA into the United States America: gives up claims in Texas Spain: gives up claims in Oregon Territory (Southern border was set at 42 degrees)

  16. Democracy of Monarchy • Napoleonic Wars in Europe brought up a question of “would Democracy fit best?” • Democracy = chaos • Monarchy = order Steps were taken in Europe for the monarch and aristocrats to re-assert their control. American reaction: worried! George Canning (British foreign minister) tells an American foreign minister in London that they should work together to “grab” Latin American countries! This upset America….so

  17. Monroe Doctrine (1823) A statement of • European countries WILL NOT colonize the Americas In other words, it told Europe that the days of colonization in the Americas are over. And, Europe should stay out of American affairs (North, Latin, or South America). It was a "KEEP OUT" sign. European powers want to “reclaim” their previous territories in America!! Colonization and “reclaims” are seen as a “threat” or “act of aggression” toward President Monroe and to the Americas. Monroe HAS to do something! Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine POSITIVE EFFECT: NATIONALISM NEGATIVE EFFECT: ISOLATION

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