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Nervous System

Learn about the nervous system, its cells, and functions. Discover the CNS, PNS, neuroglial cells, and neuron classification. Understand sensory, integrative, and motor functions.

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Nervous System

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  1. Nervous System

  2. Introduction • Vast collection of cells that gather information and help coordinate body functions to maintain homeostasis • Nervous tissue consists of masses of nerve cells or neurons. • Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system

  3. Introduction • Organs of the nervous system can be divided into two categories • Central nervous system (CNS) • Consists of the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Consists of nerves(peripheral nerves) that connects the CNS to the rest of the body • Cranial and spinal nerves

  4. General Functions of the Nervous System • Sensory function- derives from the sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves • These receptors gather information by detecting changes • Convert environmental information into nerve impulses • Integrative function- takes these nerve impulses, brings them together and creates senses

  5. General Functions of the Nervous System • Motor function-act on these senses using effectors • Effectors are structures outside of the nervous system, such as muscles and glands • Can be divided into two categories • Somatic nervous system • Controls the skeletal muscle • Autonomic nervous system • Controls effectors that are involuntary

  6. NeuroglialCells • Fill spaces, provide structural framework, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis • Neurons cannot exist without these cells

  7. Neurological Cells • Four main types found in the CNS • Ependymal cells-forms membranes • Microglial cells-eat bacterial cells • Oligodendrocytes-provide myelin • Astrocytes-provide structural support • One other type is found in the PNS • Schwann cells-form myelin sheath around axons

  8. Neurological Cells

  9. Neurons • Vary greatly in size and shape, but all have common features • Cell body (soma) • Dendrites- receives signals • Axon-conducts nerve impulses away • Myelinated-with myelin sheath • Unmyelinated-without myelin sheath • Axon terminal

  10. Neuron

  11. Neurons • Neurons are classified in several different ways • On the basis of structural differences • Multipolar neurons-having many processes arising from the cell body, only one is an axon • Bipolar-having two processes, only one is an axon the other is a dendrite • Unipolar-having a single process that divides into two branches.

  12. Neurons

  13. Neurons • These can also be classified on the basis of functional differences • Sensory neurons-carry nerve impulses from the peripheral parts of the body to the brain or spinal cord • Interneurons-lie entirely within the brain or spinal cord. These neurons direct impulses to different parts of the brain or spinal cord • Motor neurons-carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors

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