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By K. Francis Salifu Douglass F. Jacobs and Zonda Birge

Field Performance of Nutrient Loaded Red Oak and White Oak Seedlings on Mine Lands in Southern Indiana. By K. Francis Salifu Douglass F. Jacobs and Zonda Birge. What to Expect.

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By K. Francis Salifu Douglass F. Jacobs and Zonda Birge

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  1. Field Performance of Nutrient Loaded Red Oak and White Oak Seedlings on Mine Lands in Southern Indiana By K. Francis Salifu Douglass F. Jacobs and Zonda Birge

  2. What to Expect • Poor seedling quality, severe competition and low site fertility are key factors that may limit restoration success on mine sites • Nursery fertilization can be used to produce high quality seedlings to improve restoration success • Discuss how nursery treatments affect seedling field performance on a mine site in Indiana

  3. Nutrient Loading Building nutrient reserves in seedlings during nursery culture to promote retranslocation and growth when out-planted in the field

  4. Simplified N Cycle in Forest N2 EXTERNAL INTERNAL Fertilizer Denitrification N fixation Litter Organic N M I U NH4+ NO3- NO2- M= Mineralization I= Immobilization Nitrification Le

  5. Annual N Demand Met by Retranslocation N retranslocation (%) Tree species (Turner 1975; Miller 1984; Lim and Cousens 1986; Salifu and Timmer 2003)

  6. Exponential vs. Conventional Fertilization N applied (mg/seedling) Weekly application (Ingestad & Lund 1986; Timmer 1997)

  7. How Much Fertilizer Do Plants Need? Biomass Nutrient content Nutrient concentration Nutrient Sufficiency Optimum loading Seedling N content Dry mass or N concentration Luxury Deficiency Toxicity consumption n l f e Nutrient supply (Timmer 1997)

  8. Fertilization Schedule (g N per plant)

  9. Bareroot Production Week 4 Red oak White oak 0-3.4 g N plant-1

  10. Week 18 Red oak

  11. Growth and N Storage End of Nursery Phase Red oak White oak Birge et al. 2006

  12. Field Trial

  13. Methods Evaluated: Deer Fence Species at 2 levels Nursery fertility at 10 levels Design = Split-plot design Replications = 5 blocks Blocks separated by 2m buffers Trees Planted at 1m within rows and 2m between rows

  14. Schematic of Field Study N B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 42m Species RO WO 21m 5 1 10 2 9 3 4 7 6 8 Nursery Fertility 6 9 1 2 5 3 4 7 10 8

  15. 2500 trees on 5 ha Planted 2004

  16. Field Sampling • At Planting • Basal diameter • Height • Nutritional analysis • Year-1 • Basal diameter • Height • Survival • Nutritional analysis • Year-2 • Basal diameter • Height • Survival

  17. Field Survival White Oak Red Oak * * Percentage survival Nursery Treatments

  18. Field Survival vs. Conser. Plantings Percentage survival Plantings /Species Jacobs et al. 2004

  19. Red Oak Height * * * Height (cm) Nursery Treatments

  20. Red Oak Diameter * * * Diameter (mm) Nursery Treatments

  21. White Oak Seedling Response: N Status Conventional vs. Exponential regimes Year-One Pre-Plant N content (mg component-1) Nursery Fertility Treatments

  22. Conclusions • Nutrient loading improved seedling field performance on mine sites • The nutrient loading model is a useful tool for quantifying fertility targets, and may help improve nutrient diagnosis in tree seedling culture • Vallonia nursery and ArborAmerica have adapted the proposed protocol

  23. Future Directions • Rigorously test nutrient loading using balanced fertilizers and with more species • Weekly applications could benefit production systems • Increases uptake efficiency and minimizes leaching losses • Controlled-release fertilization at outplanting • Weed control measures

  24. Acknowledgements • USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry • van Eck Forestry Foundation • HTIRC at Purdue University • IN-DNR Division of Reclamation • Ron Overton, Area Regeneration Specialist, USDA Forest Service • Don Carlson, Extension Forester, HTIRC, Purdue University • Jim Wichman, Nursery Manager, IN-DNR Vallonia and Jasper Pulaski State Nurseries • Jim McKenna , Operation Breeder, HTIRC, Purdue University

  25. Thank You! QUESTIONS?

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