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The Mongols and Eurasian Migrations: 1200-1500 - A Historical Overview

This presentation explores the impact of Mongolian rule and the movements across Eurasia between 1200 and 1500. It details the rise of Genghis Khan, the establishment of the Mongol Empire, and major events such as the fall of Baghdad, the rise of the Inca and Aztec civilizations, and Europe's medieval transformations. We examine the cultural exchanges and adaptations that occurred, the influence of the Mongols in China, Russia, and the Middle East, and how these migrations reshaped social structures, trade networks, and religious landscapes.

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The Mongols and Eurasian Migrations: 1200-1500 - A Historical Overview

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  1. The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations1200-1500 John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High

  2. Happening Now • Americas • 1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan • 1438-1533: Inca Empire • Europe • 1215: Magna Carta signed in England • 1337-1453: Hundred Years War • 1454: Gutenberg Bible printed • Middle East • 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate • 1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople • Africa • 1324-25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca • 1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa

  3. Rise & Rule of The Mongols • Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia • Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters • Slave labor, tribute clans • Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations • Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron • Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism • Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women • 1206-1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader • Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh punishment for enemies • 1206-1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran • 1227-1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei • Established capital at Karakorum • Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors • 1236-1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary • 1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublaideclares himself Khan • 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China • Other Mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations

  4. Genghis’s Family of Khans

  5. Mongol Domains, 1300

  6. Mongols & Islam • Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of Baghdad • Cultures difficult to reconcile • Il-Kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia • Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in Palestine, Lebanon • Convert to Islam in 1295 • Golden Horde North Central Asia • Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert • Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science • Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle East and India

  7. Responses in Western Eurasia • Russia • Golden Hoard rules from Sarai in south • Granted privileges to Orthodox Church • Russian language dominates • Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials • Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols • Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers • Power and population shifts north • Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar • Anatolia and Eastern Europe • Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge (Lithuania, Serbia) • Ottoman Turks establish sultanate in Anatolia • 1453: Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed Istanbul

  8. Mongols In China • Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues • Yuan successes: • Secure transportation & communication • Eurasian cultural & population exchange • Transmission of information, ideas, and skills • Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture • Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential • Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city • Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese • Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties • Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty • Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established

  9. Ming China • Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes Emperor Hongwu • Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture • Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof) • Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing • Espouses Confucian view of imperial power • Declares war on “barbarians” • Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia • Silver replaces paper money • Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas • Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City • Reopens relations with rest of Asia • Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He) • Ming China not as innovative as Song China • Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth

  10. East Asia & The Mongols • Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule • Mongol threat forces centralization • Korea conquered, local traditions thrive • Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence • After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and trade, move capital to Seoul • Renew study of Confucian classics • Breakthrough in printing technology

  11. Japan and Annam • Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols • Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure • Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement • Annam • After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa • United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam

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