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3 parts of Respiration

aerobic – require oxygen. 3 parts of Respiration. Glycolysis – may be anaerobic TCA – Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain. Electron Transport Chain. a.k.a cytochrome chain Main ATP producer! Chemiosmotic theory explains how the cytochrome chain produces ATP

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3 parts of Respiration

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  1. aerobic – require oxygen 3 parts of Respiration • Glycolysis – may be anaerobic • TCA – Kreb’s Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  2. Electron Transport Chain • a.k.a cytochrome chain • Main ATP producer! • Chemiosmotic theory explains how the cytochrome chain produces ATP • Step 1: creating a H+ concentration gradient • Step 2: using the gradient to make ATP

  3. Creating a Potential • Carrier molecules (cytochromes) in the inner membrane transport H+ out; accumulates in the intermembrane space • Creates an electrochemical gradient!

  4. Click here for ETC Click here for ATP synthase close-up

  5. Creating a Potential • NADH and FADH2bring H atoms to the chain. • e- are stripped off and passed down the chain of cytochromes • Oxygen becomes the final electron acceptor to form water.

  6. Using the gradient to make ATP

  7. Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION CYTOSOL 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 FADH2 2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on which shuttle transports electrons from NADH in cytosol by substrate-level phosphorylation by substrate-level phosphorylation About 36 or 38 ATP Maximum per glucose:

  8. Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) • Require the energy-carriers formed by glycolysis • Alcholic fermentation • Lactic Acid fermentation

  9. Alcoholic Fermentation • Performed by yeast cells • If NADH can’t dump e- into ETC, it dumps them back into pyruvate; making it the electron acceptor! • NAD+ is restored and recycles back into glycolysis  yielding only 2 ATP molecules • Pyruvate will eventually become ethanol (which is an alcohol, hence alcoholic fermentation… DUH!)

  10. Alcoholic Fermentation

  11. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Occurs in muscle cells • Similar to alcoholic fermentation where pyruvate becomes the final electron acceptor • Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

  12. Lactic Acid Fermentation

  13. Energetics of Respiration • Aerobic vs. Anaerobic: Which is more efficient? Aerobic: yields 38 ATP per glucose molecule Anaerobic: yields 2 ATP per glucose molecules • Anaerobic is not as efficient, but still allows you to live without oxygen

  14. Alternative Food Molecules • Fats and proteins can change form that can enter normal respiration pathways • Fats • Glycerol enters glycolysis • Fatty acids into acetyl-CoA • Proteins • Deaminated, remainder enters at various points in the chain

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