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Osteoprosis. Haya M. Al- Malaq , Msc Lecturer Clinical Pharmacy Department Haya_malak@yahoo halmalaq@ksu.edu.sa. Defenition. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing individuals to an increased fracture risk. Categories .
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Osteoprosis Haya M. Al-Malaq, Msc Lecturer Clinical Pharmacy Department Haya_malak@yahoo halmalaq@ksu.edu.sa
Defenition • Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing individuals to an increased fracture risk.
Categories • postmenopausal osteoporosis, • age related steoporosis • secondary osteoporosis.
Pathophysiology • Bone loss occurs when bone resorption exceeds bone formation, usually from high bone turnover when the number and/or depth of bone resorption sites greatly exceed the rate and ability of osteoblasts to form new bone. • In addition to reduced bone mineral density (BMD), bone quality and structural integrity are impaired because of the increased quantity of immature bone that is not yet adequately mineralized. • Men and women begin to lose a small amount of bone mass starting in the third or fourth decade as a consequence of reduced bone formation. • Estrogen deficiency during menopause increases proliferation, differentiation, and activation of new osteoclasts and prolongs survival of mature osteoclasts; this increases bone resorption more than formation. • Men do not undergo a period of accelerated bone resorption similar to menopause. • The etiology of male osteoporosis is multifactorial; secondary causes and aging are the most common contributing factors. • Age-related osteoporosis occurs mainly because of hormone, calcium, and vitamin D deficiencies leading to accelerated bone turnover and reduced osteoblast formation. • Drug-induced osteoporosis may result from systemic corticosteroids (prednisone doses greater than 7.5 mg/day), thyroid hormone replacement, some antiepileptic drugs (e.g., phenytoin, phenobarbital), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, and other agents.
Clinical presentation • Many patients are unaware that they have osteoporosis and only present after fracture. Fractures can occur after bending, lifting, or falling, or independent of any activity. • The most common osteoporosis-related fractures involve the vertebrae, proximal femur, & wrist. 2/3 of patients with vertebral fractures are asymptomatic; the remainder present with moderate to severe back pain that radiates down a leg after a new vertebral fracture. The pain usually subsides significantly after 2 to 4 wks, but chronic, low-back pain may persist. • Multiple vertebral fractures decrease height & sometimes curve the spine with or without significant back pain.
Clinical presentation • Patients with a non vertebral fracture frequently present with severe pain, swelling, & reduced function & mobility at the fracture site.
Diagnosis • History • Major risk factor (<127 lb in postmenopausal women), history of osteoporotic fracture in a first-degree relative, and personal history of low-trauma fracture as an adult. age, high bone turnover, low BMI index (<19 kg/m2), RA, & glucocorticoid use. • Complete physical examination • BMD of central hip & spine • T score: Normal bone mass is a T-score greater than –1, osteopenia is –1 to –2.4, & osteoporosis is at or below –2.5. • low trauma fracture
Desired outcome • The primary goal of osteoporosis management is prevention. • Optimizing skeletal development & peak bone mass accrual in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood will reduce the future incidence of osteoporosis. • Once osteopenia or osteoporosis develops, the objective is to stabilize or improve bone mass and strength and prevent fractures. • Goals in patients who have already suffered osteoporotic fractures include reducing future falls and fractures, improving functional capacity, reducing pain and deformity, and improving quality of life.
Non-Pharmacologicla • balanced diet with adequate intake of calcium & vitamin D or , calcium supplements. • caffeine increases calcium excretion, caffeine intake should be limited to two servings per day. • Smoking cessation • Weight-bearing aerobic and strengthening exercises improving muscle strength, coordination, balance, & mobility.
Glucocorteciods-induced osteoprosis • Guidelines for managing corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis recommend measuring BMD at the beginning of chronic therapy (prednisone 5 mg or more daily or equivalent for at least 6 months) and follow up monitoring with DXA in 6 to 12 months. BMD should be measured in patients taking chronic therapy whose baseline values were not obtained. • All patients starting or receiving long-term systemic glucocorticoid therapy should receive at least 1,500 mg elemental calcium and 800 to 1,200 units of vitamin D daily and practice a bone-healthy lifestyle.
