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Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Each party must as far as possible Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity

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Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992

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  1. Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Each party must as far as possible Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity Develop where necessary guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas

  2. Protected areas and reserve design Overview Goals and limitations Gaps in global protected areas Systematic conservation planning Surrogates for overall biodiversity Reserve selection algorithms Case study: The Cape Floristic Region

  3. terrestrial protected areas 105,000 protected areas 18.4 million km2 land

  4. Location of protected areas 12.65% of Earth’s land surface

  5. marine protected areas Cumulative area protected (ha) but only 1.2% of the whole ocean!!!

  6. Types of Protected Areas IUCN Category Strict nature reserve or wilderness area National Park Natural Monument Habitat/Species Management Area Protected landscape/seascape Managed resource protected area

  7. Types of Protected Areas BC Examples Strict nature reserve Wilderness area 1a Triangle Island 1b Campbell River Estuary

  8. Area (km2) covered by protected areas 1-6 Global Canada 630,000 km2 6.3% land 1+2 72% 3-5 10% 6+ 18%

  9. Types of protected area 6. Managed resource protected area Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

  10. Goals of Protected areas • Protect particular species • Preserve biodiversity: focus on areas of high species richness/endemism • Preserve large and functioning ecosystems and their services

  11. Do protected areas work? Amazon Atlantic coast forest Percent natural vegetation Congo forest West African forest Joppa et al PNAS 2008

  12. 6 (541) (236) Response ratio 5 4 More fish in reserve 3 (110) 2 1 More fish out of reserve 0 - 1 Target Non-target Overall species species Do marine protected areas work? Overall effect of 12 reserves around the world Mosqueira et al. 2000 Animal Conservation

  13. Limitations of protected areas Land is often protected if it is “worthless” BC Stated Goal - have 12% landbase “protected” 12.5% landbase is protected BUT Alpine - over-represented Coastal lowland forest - under-represented

  14. Limitation of protected areas Protection is revoked if land is valuable” Tasmania 1939-1984 23 protected areas “unprotected” Why? forestry, mining, hydroelectric development Yosemite National Park Boundaries redrawn Land out - potential mining, logging, grazing Land in - low commercial value

  15. What isn’t protected?? Global Gap Analysis Project Data World Database on Protected Areas Distributions of 11,633 spp vertebrates

  16. x x x X - least protected biomes

  17. What isn’t protected?? Global Gap Analysis Project Number of gap species All species All PAs PA>1000ha+IUCN 1-4 Mammals 258 (5.5%) 644 (13.5%) Turtles 21 (7.7%) 48 (17.6%) Amphibians 913 (16.7%) 1718 (31.5%) Threatened spp Mammals 149 (14%) 314 (29.6%) Birds 232 (19.8%) 437 (37.3%) Turtles 12 (10.1%) 32 (26.9%) Amphibians 411 (26.6%) 767 (49.7%)

  18. Where are the Gap Species? Global Gap Analysis Project

  19. The area protected in a country is a poor predictor of conservation needs % gap species Countries with lots of endemics have more gap species

  20. What isn’t protected?? Local Gap Analysis - Hawaii - Essay 14.2 text GIS parks + Endangered finch distributions --> Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge

  21. What should be protected? How would you prioritize what/where is Protected given constraints on $$/current land-use/other pressures Your criteria

  22. Systematic conservation planning 9 principal factors to consider COMPREHENSIVENESS Reserve system contains Many species Many habitats Many ecological processes REPRESENTATIVENESS Reserve contains populations/habitats that cover range of variation in that spp/habitat

  23. Systematic conservation planning • IRREPLACEABILITY • Importance of an area in meeting the objectives of the reserve system hairy-nosed wombat Located in one place Epping Forest National Park if criteria is a system that retains all mammal species the area is irreplaceable

  24. Systematic conservation planning • ADEQUACY • Features within reserve will persist • Q. How might this be assessed? SHAPE large with low edge:area ratios Q. why? Better than

  25. Systematic conservation planning CONNECTIVITY for animals gene flow, greater area response to climate change for ecosystem processes eg water flow, fire RISK SPREADING connectivity vs vulnerability

  26. Systematic conservation planning EFFICIENCY least possible cost (purchase,management, economic loss) FLEXIBILITY options/opportunities

  27. Global Gap Analysis Project if conservation goal is species representation we should also consider urgency = threat

  28. Global Gap Analysis Project Priority sites for protected areas based on irreplaceability and threat

  29. Principal of comprehensiveness requires that reserve systems include and sustain all biodiversity and ecosystem processes of the region But - the knowledge base is limited and DECISIONS ARE NEEDED NOW OPTIONS? DISCUSS

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