British Society & Culture Paul Griffiths

1. British Society & CulturePaul Griffiths 100’s of free ppt’s from www.pptpoint.com library

2. British Society & Culture pre-talk • Cover aspects which are relevant: • Where did the British people come from? • What forms the basis of Modern English? • What you know about the British people? • What would you like to know?

3. The Story of the British People and their language

4. Who Uses English? • How many countries can you think of where English is the main language? • Let’s take a look: • English plays a part in the cultural, political or economic life of the following countries. The majority English speaking populations are shown in bold.

5. Guyana • India (with Indian languages) • Ireland (with Irish Gaelic) • Jamaica • Kenya (with Swahili) • Kiribati • Lesotho (with Sotho) • Liberia • Malawi (with Chewa) • Malta (with Maltese) • Mauritius • Namibia (with Afrikaans) • Nauru (with Nauruan) • New Zealand • Nigeria • Pakistan (with Urdu) • Papua New Guinea • Antigua • Australia • Bahamas • Barbados • Belize • Bermuda • Botswana • Brunei (with Malay) • Cameroon (with French) • Canada (with French) • Dominica • Fiji • Gambia • Ghana • Grenada

6. Philippines (with Tagalog) Puerto Rico (with Spanish) St Christopher and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent Senegal (with French) Seychelles (with French) Sierra Leone Singapore (with Malay, Mandarin and Tamil) South Africa (with Afrikaans, Xhosa and Zulu) Surinam (with Dutch) Swaziland (with Swazi) Tanzania (with Swahili) Tonga (with Tongan) Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom and its dependencies United States of America and its dependencies Vanatu (with French) Western Samoa (with Samoan) Zambia Zimbabwe

7. English is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries • This compares to 27 for French, 20 for Spanish and 17 for Arabic. This domination is unique in history. Speakers of languages like French, Spanish and Arabic may disagree, but English is on its way to becoming the world's unofficial international language. Mandarin (Chinese) is spoken by more people, but English is now the most widespread of the world's languages.

8. Where is English used? • It is the language of science, aviation, computing, diplomacy, and tourism. Although it is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries it is spoken extensively in many other countries where it has no official status.

9. How Many People Use English? • It is estimated that there are 326 million native speakers (US 69%) and 300 million speakers who use English as a second language and a further 100 million speakers who use it as a foreign language.

10. Is English REALLY Important ? • Half of all business deals are conducted in English. • Two thirds of all scientific papers are written in English. • Over 70% of all post or mail is written and addressed in English. • Most international tourism, aviation, shipping and diplomacy is conducted in English.

11. What is AD and BC? 55AD • AD = Anno Domini (In the year of our Lord) • BC = Before Christ • AD stands for Anno Domini or Year of our Lord referring to the year of Christ’s birth.  • BC stands for Before Christ.  CE is a recent term devised to fit with to solve the year 0 problem.  It refers to Common Era and is used in place of A.D  BCE refers to Before Common Era.

12. English in The Ice Age • Europe about 10,000 years BC

13. Early Europeans Early man was a hunter and meat-eater. The meat was often much bigger than him and he had to learn how to fight in groups and make weapons to survive.

14. Cultural Hearths of Civilization 10,000 BC

15. The Anatolian Hearth: Diffusion 6000 BC - 3000 BCand birthplace of the Indo-European Language

16. The Spread of the Indo-European Language6000 BC, Indo-European language started in a cold, northern climate of the forests north of the Black Sea (in what is now Ukraine) during the Neolithic period.

17. The Origins of English Language • The central European area in the Ukraine was probably the home of the Indo-European languages, which is the original language for about one third of the human race. At a time between 3500 BC and 2500 BC this community began to travel East and West. Today the Indo-European family of languages stretches from the Hebrides in the West of Scotland to the Indian sub-continent in the East. It includes the descendants of Latin, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Also the Slavic languages of European Russia and the Celtic languages of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Germanic tongues of Danish, Dutch and English.

18. The Spread of Indo-European Language • By 3500 BC, these Indo-European speakers began to travel East and West. • We get the start of many of the world’s languages • West to Europe (German, English, French) • South to the Mediterranean (Italian, Spanish, Greek) • North to Scandinavia (Polish, Russian) • East to India and Iran (Iranian, Hindi)

19. Pastoral Societies in Europe 2000 BC - 1000 BC Celts Italics Slavs illyrians Greeks Germans Balts Thracians

20. A look at the spread and dominance of the Indo-European Languages

21. The Great Language Tree

22. Who were the first British ? • The Celts • The first notable peoples to go to Britain were the Celts • The Celtic language initially developed in today’s mainland France (Gaul) • The ice from the North and South Poles was melting and it was the end of the ice-age. Celts found that there was a shallow path through the sea to a new land with very fertile soil and untouched forests and food sources. Later this path became too deep and cut off Britain (England) from Europe with what was to become the English Channel.

23. In the beginning • Europe about 10,000 years BC

24. Pastoral Societies in Europe 2000 BC - 1000 BC Celts Italics Slavs illyrians Greeks Germans Balts Thracians

25. The Celtic People &Language Celtic people were short dark haired people who learned their history from stories and poems. There was no written language. The Celts were very fierce and often painted their bodies and went naked into battle. l They were also good hunters and farmers and lived off the land. They lived in independent tribes with a king as the leader.

26. Celts BC AD 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Britain about 100 years BC

27. 100 Years BC • Which Dynasty was in power in China? • Han Dynasty 202 BC - • Who was a very famous Chinese man? • Zhang Qian • Made contact with Hellenistic world and brought back grapevines and alfalfa to China.

28. The Celts Separation from Europe happened when the ice melted and water in the English Channel deepened and Britain became an Island • This time was relatively peaceful and the Celts lived in their own tribes and had no central structure or organization • Small group warfare but relatively local in nature. Unlike the warring tribes in Europe always looking for more space and land.

29. The Romans The next influence on Britain was the Romans from Italy. The Romans had lots of money and land and were very powerful. But still they wanted more. In fact they just wanted the whole world Roman Coins Roman Roads

30. The Romans & Chinese • The Romans knew of the existence of China and called it ‘Serica” and its peoples ‘Seres’ or ‘Sinae’. • Their term for China derived from the knowledge that the Chinese traded silk. • The Romans thought silk was made by combing leaves in the forest. • Mackerras Colin. Western Images of China Hong Kong Oxford University Press p16

31. Technology vs 3rd World • The Romans were the most advanced civilized country in the Western World • Culture inherited from Greeks and Trojans • Laws and centralized government (Caesar) • Administration (Senate) • Trained armies • Latest inventions of the time • The superpower of the era • Advanced building techniques • Resources of a large empire

32. An example of a Roman Aqueduct to carry water

33. BC AD 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 55 BC 55 BC - Julius Caesar landed in Britain but did not settle his army was too small and was beaten back. Celts Romans

34. The Italians Return • The Invading Romans • The Romans invaded Britain again in 43 AD with 50,000 men and many Celts were driven West. • The Romans initially had to fight against the Celts • After gaining territory they then used diplomacy • The Romans were an occupying force and lived off of the original people levying taxes and goods to send to Rome. • The Romans set up roads, administration and laws

35. BC AD 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 43 AD 43 AD – Claudius began his conquest of Britain Celts Romans

36. BC AD 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 90 AD 90 AD – Romans controlled most of Britain and imposed their language and laws. Celts Romans

37. Resistance to the Romans • Queen Boadecia was well known as the most successful Celt warrior against the Romans

38. The Final Battle AD 60 • Celts resented Roman rule and Bodecia united some tribes and inflicted massacres on Roman Soldiers at what today is called Colchester. • Eventually confronting a Roman army of 10,000 soldiers with 200,000 armed Celts. • The Romans used superior tactics and weaponry to put the Celts to fight and win the battle. • 400 Romans and 80,000 Celts were killed.

39. The Roman Dio Cassius noted: • "Boadicea was tall, terrible to look on and gifted with a powerful voice. A flood of bright red hair ran down to her knees; she wore a golden necklet made up of ornate pieces, a multi-coloured robe and over it a thick cloak held together by a brooch. She took up a long spear to cause dread in all who set eyes on her."

40. The Scot and Picts • The Romans had secured all of England, but the Scots in the north of Britain were too fierce for their relatively small army and used up many of their resources. • Constant raids from the Scots in North kept too many troops occupied. • To keep them out they built “The Great Wall of England” and named after the emperor “Hadrian”.

41. BC AD 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 122 BC 122-30 AD Hadrian’s Wall to keep out the fierce Scots Celts Romans

42. Hadrian’s Wall 117km long 5m high

43. Oh Dear! So many enemies! • The Romans held so many countries • But this gave them so many enemies • The outposts of the Roman Empire were constantly under attack and also revolution was possible everywhere at anytime. • The army in England was needed to fight in France and Germany to save the empire • And so-

44. BC AD 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 300 AD 300 AD – Many Roman soldiers left Britain never to return to fight in wars in France and Germany Celts Romans

45. BC AD 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 410 AD 410 AD – Romans no longer ruled Britain and the peoples of Northern Europe knew the land was very good with little defence Celts Romans

46. Historical Evidence: Rome • Rome invades Britain in about 43 BC • Rome deserts Britain around 410 AD • With Rome in Britain • Celts were protected from invaders • Relative peace, stability, and technological improvements • Law and order, courts and administration all in Latin

47. The Roman Legacy The Romans were the cause of a whole new group of Romantic languages in Europe (Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc.). • Wherever the Roman Empire went they left the influence of the “Latin” language behind them. • In France it became Latin French (Later French) • In Italy and it became Latin Italian (Later Italian) • In Spain and it become Latin Spanish (Later Spanish) • In Portugal and it became Latin Portuguese (Later Portuguese)

48. The Germans are Coming! The Anglos, Saxons, and Jutes Around 450 AD not long after the Romans left, Large groups of Angles ( English), Saxons (dominant group), and the Jutes came from Holland, Germany, and Denmark. (Anglo-Saxons) They were unrefined and barbaric compared to the Celts and eventually their 3 separate languages started to blend together and develop into a brand new language— Old English!! The first real English language It sounded much more like German than English and there are still places in Germany where people speak a version of Anglo- Saxon that sounds very much like Old English.

49. Oh,There! The Invasion of England by the Germanic Tribes

50. Historical Evidence: Germanic Tribes • 449 AD: Anglos, Saxons, and Jutes began invasions • Tribes from Northern Europe • Germanic • Originally raiders • Eventually settled • They devastated the Celticpeoples