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SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION. Terminal Learning Objective. ACTION: Identify normal orientation, the nature of spatial disorientation, and associated illusions. CONDITION: While serving as an aircrew member STANDARD: In accordance with

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SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

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  1. SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

  2. Terminal Learning Objective ACTION: Identify normal orientation, the nature of spatial disorientation, and associated illusions. CONDITION: Whileservingasan aircrew member STANDARD: In accordance with The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

  3. Enabling Learning Objective #1 ACTION: Identify the terminology associated with spatial disorientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

  4. TERMINOLOGY • Vertigo • Sensory Illusion • Spatial Disorientation • Orientation or equilibrium (balance)

  5. VERTIGO

  6. SENSORY ILLUSION FALSE SENSE OF REALITY

  7. SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

  8. Sensory Inputs that Provide Equilibrium Visual Vestibular Proprioceptive ALL THREE SYSTEMS INTERGRATE TO FORM A COMPLETE MENTAL PICTURE

  9. Enabling Learning Objective #2 ACTION: Identify the role of vision in orientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

  10. Role Of Vision Vision is the most reliable sense used during flight Visual Vestibular 80%Vision Proprioceptive

  11. ROLE OF VISUAL CUES • Orientation of vision requires: • Perception • Recognition • Identification • Orientation can be achieved by individuals understanding where objects are in relation to themselves

  12. Visual System The systems consists of two modes: Focal (Central) vision (30 degrees) Ambient (Peripheral) vision (175 degrees)

  13. Focal (Central) Vision • Done consciously • Presents us with clear view • Allows us to view colors • Determines distance and depth perception

  14. AMBIENT VISION Also called Peripheral Vision—done subconsciously, detects motion and attitude cues and helps to provide balance but has poor visual acuity properties

  15. Focal/Ambient Vision • Operate independently • Frequent transition between the two modes

  16. CONDITIONS FOR SPATIAL DISORIENTATION The most predisposing condition for spatial disorientation is hovering at night with a lack of visual cues

  17. Enabling Learning Objective #3 ACTION: Identify the visual illusions CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

  18. False Vertical/Horizontal Cues(False Horizon) Occurs when the pilot subconsciously chooses the wrong reference point for orientation

  19. Fascination/Fixation TASK SATURATION TARGET HYPNOSIS

  20. Flicker Vertigo Caused by sunlight flickering through rotor blades Rotating beacons reflecting against an overcast sky or against the windscreen

  21. Confusion with Ground Lights • Along seashores or rural areas • Ground lights may be perceived as celestial lights • Celestial lights may be perceived as ground lights

  22. Relative Motion Falselyperceived self-motion in relation to the real motion of another object

  23. ALTERED PLANES OF REFERENCE • Inaccurate sense of altitude, attitude, or flight path • Mountains / Valleys

  24. Structural Illusion The phenomenon in which objects become distorted when visual obscurants are present such as rain, snow, sleet, or the curvature of a wind screen

  25. HEIGHT/DEPTH PERCEPTION Do to a lack of visual cues, the pilots or crew members may perceive that they are higher than they actually are

  26. Crater Illusion CRATER ILLUSION An illusion that the aircraft is landing into a hole or crater, created when the search light is positioned too far under the nose of the aircraft

  27. Size- Distance Illusion Am I too Low ? Large Wide Runway 24 Narrow Runway Am I too High ? 24

  28. Autokinetic Illusion Occurs when a static light appears to move when it is stared at for several seconds

  29. REVERSABLE PERSPECTIVE At night, an aircraft may appear to be going away when it is actually approaching

  30. Enabling Learning Objective #4 ACTION: Identify the components of the vestibular system CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

  31. VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Semicircular Canals OtolithOrgans Auditory Nerve Cochlea Ossicles Ear Drum Middle Ear External Ear Eustachian Tube Opening to Throat

  32. FUNCTIONS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM • Visual tracking • Reflex information • Orientation without vision

  33. VISUAL TRACKING Maintains focus of the retinal image

  34. Reflex information

  35. ORIENTATION WITHOUT VISION

  36. COMPONENTS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Semicircular Canals Otolith Organs

  37. FUNCTIONS OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS • Responsive to angular acceleration and deceleration • Change in both speed and direction • Detects yaw, pitch, and roll

  38. SEMICIRCULAR CANALS • Right angles to each other • Contains endolymph fluid

  39. FUNCTION OF THE OTOLITH ORGANS • The Otolith organs are stimulated by gravity and linear accelerations • Change in speed without a change in direction • Sensitive to linear acceleration and deceleration (forward, aft, up, and down)

  40. UPRIGHT TILT FORWARD TILT BACKWARD TRUE SENSATION TRUE SENSATION TRUE SENSATION FUNCTION OF THE OTOLITH ORGANS FORWARD ACCELERATION FORWARD DECELERATION FALSE SENSATION OF BACKWARD

  41. Enabling Learning Objective #5 ACTION: Identify vestibular illusions CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

  42. Somatogyral: Semi-circular canals Stimulated by angular acceleration: A change in both speed and direction Somatogravic: Otolith organs Stimulated by linear acceleration: A change in speed without a change in direction VESTIBULAR ILLUSIONS

  43. SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSIONSangular acceleration The Leans Graveyard Spin Coriolis

  44. THE LEANS Most common form of Spatial Disorientation

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