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Introduction

Introduction. 3 Crises define the period. Hundred Years War Church Corruption Black Death. Together, they destroyed the Age of Faith. And paved way for (1) European Renaissance, then (2) Protestant Reformation, then (3) The Modern World. Hundred Years War (1337-1453).

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction 3 Crises define the period • Hundred Years War • Church Corruption • Black Death Together, they destroyed the Age of Faith And paved way for (1) European Renaissance, then (2) Protestant Reformation, then (3) The Modern World

  2. Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Black Death (1347-1352) Church Corruption Each Event Worsened The Others

  3. Hundred Years War (1337-1453) • War between Kings of France and England over who should be the King of France • Actually lasted 117 years

  4. Hundred Years War (1337-1453)—Causes • KOF Charles IV died in 1328 • No male heirCousin becomes king, Philip IV, the Fair • KOE Edward III believes he should be KOF • Sent letter to Philip saying he will fight for throne • Invaded France in 1337

  5. Hundred Years War (1337-1453)—Course • 2 halves • English Period (1337-1429) • Final French victory (1429-1453) • English Period • Sluys (naval) • Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356), Agincourt (1415) • Keys to victory: Paid mercenary armies, English longbowmen • French Period • Jeanne d’Arc motivates French • Charles VII defeats English at Orleans (1429) • Momentum shifts until English driven from France

  6. Hundred Years War (1337-1453)—Effects • Mercenaries become essential part of European warfare (question: what do unemployed mercenaries do?) • Gunpowder artillery signals end of castle and knight warfaremedieval warfare • Birth of nation-state (decline of local identity)

  7. Philip III (died 1285) Charles Count of Valois (died 1325) Philip IV The Fair (died 1314) Philip V (died 1322) Charles IV (died 1328) Isabella (died 1358) Edward II (died 1327) Royal family tree of France Note: • Women can’t inherit throne • Red=King of England • Black=King of France Philip VI (died 1350) Edward III (died 1377)

  8. 100YW, when Edward III invaded France 100YW, after Black Death, Poitiers, Crecy

  9. 100YW, Just prior to Jeanne d’Arc 100YW, at end

  10. Church Corruption—Causes • Popes claimed supreme secular and spiritual power growing • People begin to challenge Church Authortiy • Independent religious movements break out in Europe • Only a matter of time before secular rulers challenge Church’s authority

  11. Church Corruption—Avignon Papacy • Papacy in Avignon from 1308 to 1378 • All French popes, under increasing control by KOF • Popes spent enormous amounts on papal palace and lavish clothing • Demanded taxes from bishops and abbeys (who in turn demanded taxes from worshippers) • Appointed relatives to church positions • This behavior destroyed the credibility and legitimacy of Pope for many

  12. Church Corruption—Great Schism • In 1378, Pope Gregory XI returned Papacy to Rome, recognizing damage done to authority and credibility • Died soon afterwards • Romans rioted, threatened papal electors to ensure a Roman became next pope • That was Pope Urban VIsuspicious, arrogant, violent temper • French electors decided to elect their own insteadPope Clement VII (called the anti-pope), and moved back to Avignon • 1378-14142 popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon (and at one pope one in Pisa) • In 1414, clergy realized damage this was doing to Church’s credibility • Council of Constance to bring an end to the schism • Deposed all popes, elected compromise Pope Martin V

  13. How did the Hundred Years’ War worsen . . . The Black Death • Destructiveness of war literally weakened people’s ability resist the disease • Kings focused on war not helping people • Movement of armies helped spread disease Church Corruption • Church claimed authority over kings • Tried to stop fighting • Could not—looked powerless (no credibility) in eyes of many

  14. How did the Black Death worsen . . . Hundred Years’ War • Destructiveness of war literally weakened people’s ability resist the disease • Kings focused on war not helping people • Movement of armies helped spread disease Church Corruption • People believed sinfulness caused Black Death • Church failed to prevent sin • Clergy more interested in money, power than in helping those suffering from the Black Death • Some clergymen fled rather than stay and help the sick

  15. How did Church Corruption worsen . . . The Black Death • People believed sinfulness caused Black Death • Church failed to prevent sin • Clergy more interested in money, power than in helping those suffering from the Black Death • Some clergymen fled rather than stay and help the sick Hundred Years’ War • Church claimed authority over kings • Tried to stop fighting • Could not—looked powerless in eyes of many

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