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Chemistry of Organic Molecules

Chemistry of Organic Molecules. Inorganic – Chemistry of elements other than carbon Organic – Carbon-based chemistry. Organic Molecules. Inorganic. Organic. Usually with + & - ions. Always contain carbon and hydrogen. Usually ionic bonding. Always covalent bonding. Always with few atoms.

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Chemistry of Organic Molecules

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  1. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

  2. Inorganic – Chemistry of elements other than carbon Organic – Carbon-based chemistry Organic Molecules • Inorganic • Organic • Usually with+ & - ions • Always containcarbon and hydrogen • Usuallyionic bonding • Alwayscovalent bonding • Always withfew atoms • Often quite large, withmany atoms • Often associated with nonliving matter • Usually associatedliving systems

  3. Macromolecules • Some molecules are called macromolecules because of their large size • Usually consist of many repeating units • Resulting molecule is a polymer (many parts) • Repeating units are called monomers • Some examples: • Category • Example • Subunit(s) • Fat • Lipids • Glycerol & fatty acids - CHO • Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide • Monosaccharide - CHO • Proteins • Polypeptide • Amino acid - CHON • Nucleic Acids • DNA, RNA • Nucleotide

  4. Carbohydrates Examples:Monosaccharides • Single sugar molecules • Quite soluble and sweet to taste • Examples • Glucose (blood), fructose (fruit) and galactose • Ribose and deoxyribose (in nucleotides)

  5. Carbohydrates Examples:Disaccharides • Contain two monosaccharides • Soluble and sweet to taste • Examples • Sucrose • Table sugar, maple sugar • One glucose and one fructose joined • Maltose • Malt sugar • Two glucoses joined

  6. Carbohydrates Examples:Polysaccharides (1) • Polymers of monosaccharides • Low solubility; not sweet to taste • Examples • Starch • Polymer of glucose • Used for short-term energy storage • Glycogen in liver and muscles

  7. Carbohydrates Examples:Polysaccharides (2) • More polysaccharide examples • Cellulose • Structural element for plants • Main component of wood and many natural fibers • Indigestible by most animals • Chitin • Arthropod exoskeletons, cell walls of fungi

  8. Four Classes of Organics:2 - Lipids • Insoluble in water • Long chains of repeating CH2 units • Renders molecule nonpolar • Types of Lipids • Type • Organismal Uses • Human Uses • Fats • Long-term energy storage & thermal insulation in animals • Butter, lard • Oils • Long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds • Cooking oils • Phospholipids • Component of plasma membrane • No-stick pan spray • Steroids • Component of plasma membrane; hormones • Medicines • Waxes • Wear resistance; retain water • Candles, polishes

  9. Four Classes of Organics:3 -Proteins • Functions • Support – Collagen • Enzymes – Almost all enzymes are proteins • Transport – Hemoglobin; membrane proteins • Defense – Antibodies • Hormones – Many hormones; insulin • Motion – Muscle proteins, microtubules

  10. Protein Subunits:The Amino Acids • Proteins are polymers of amino acids • There are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins

  11. Four Classes of Organics:4 -Nucleic Acids • Polymers of nucleotides • Very specific cell functions • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Double-stranded helical spiral (twisted ladder) • Serves as genetic information center • In chromosomes • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • Part single-stranded, part double-stranded • Serves primarily in assembly of proteins • In nucleus and cytoplasm of cell

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