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CHAPTER 11 LANGUAGE CHANGE: THE SYLLABLES OF TIME (461-504)

CHAPTER 11 LANGUAGE CHANGE: THE SYLLABLES OF TIME (461-504). PowerPoint by Don L. F. Nilsen to accompany An Introduction to Language (8e, 2007) by Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. HISTORY OF ENGLISH BEFORE ENGLAND. FOUR MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES. SINO-TIBETAN

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CHAPTER 11 LANGUAGE CHANGE: THE SYLLABLES OF TIME (461-504)

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  1. CHAPTER 11LANGUAGE CHANGE:THE SYLLABLES OF TIME(461-504) PowerPoint by Don L. F. Nilsen to accompany An Introduction to Language (8e, 2007) by Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams 43

  2. HISTORY OF ENGLISH BEFORE ENGLAND 43

  3. FOUR MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES • SINO-TIBETAN • e.g. Mandarin Chinese • FINNO-UGRIC • e.g. Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, etc. • HAMIDO-SEMITIC • e.g. Arabic and Hebrew • INDO-EUROPEAN • e.g. Romance, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, and Celtic • NOTE: GIVE OTHER LANGUAGE FAMILIES PLUS EXAMPLES: 43

  4. INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES • ROMANCE • French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish • BALTO-SLAVIC • Bulgarian, Croation, Czech, Macedonian, *Old Church Slavonic, Polish, Russian, Serbian • INDO-IRANIAN • *Avestan, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Pashto, Persian, Urdu, • CELTIC • Breton, Cornish, Irish, Scots Gaelic, Welsh • GERMANIC • Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, Flemish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Yiddish 43

  5. *PROTO INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGES(Fromkin Rodman Hyams 489) 43

  6. SOUND CHANGES BEFORE ENGLISH • ABLAUT • UMLAUT • FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM’S LAW) • SECOND CONSONANT SHIFT (TO DISTINGUISH HOCH DEUTCH FROM PLATT DEUTCH) 43

  7. ABLAUT • begin-began-begun • break-broke-broken • choose-chose-chosen • come-came-come • eat-ate-eaten • fly-flew-flown • raise-rose-risen • sing-sang-sung 43

  8. UMLAUT • child-children • goose-geese • man-men • mouse-mice • woman-women 43

  9. GRIMM’S LAW • /bh/, /dh/, /gh/ => /b/, /d/, /g/ • /b/, /d/, /g/ => /p/, /t/, /k/ • /p/, /t/, /k/ => /f/, /Θ/, /h/ • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 464, 479) 43

  10. GRIMM’S LAW (Herndon 413) 43

  11. GRIMM'S LAW 1st GERMANIC CONSONANT SHIFT • /b/ => /p/: bursa-purse, labial-lip • /d/ => /t/: decade-ten, dozen-twelve, dent-tooth, duet-two • /g/ => /k/: agriculture-acre • /p/ => /f/: pedestal-footnote, padre-father, plate-flat, pyre-fire • /t/ => /θ/: tricycle-three • /k/ => /h/: courage-hearty, corn-horn, canis-hound • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 481) 43

  12. VERNER’S LAW • “When the preceding vowel was unstressed, /f/ /θ/ /x/ underwent a further change to /b/ /d/ /g/.” • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 481) 43

  13. 2nd GERMANIC CONSONANT SHIFT: HIGH/LOW GERMAN • penny-pfennig • too-zu • water-wasser 43

  14. INDO-EUROPEAN NUMBERS 43

  15. HISTORY OF ENGLISH IN ENGLAND 43

  16. 499-1066: Old English • 1066-1500: Middle English • 1500-Today: Modern English • 499: Saxons invade Britain • 6th Century: Religious Literature • 8th Century: Beowulf • 1066: Norman Conquest • 1387: Canterbury Tales • 1476: Caxton’s Printing Press • 1500: Great Vowel Shift • 1564: Birth of Shakespeare • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 462) 43

  17. Note that before English root syllables became stressed and English suffixes lost their stress and became lost, Old English was a very highly inflected language. • In fact, at that time it was a synthetic language (with many inflections) rather than an analytic language (with prepositions and auxiliaries instead of suffixes). • Here is an overview of Old English inflections. Contrast it with Modern English, but don’t sweat the details. 43

  18. SINGULAR ADJECTIVES, NOUNS & PERSONAL PRONOUNS • ADJ: N: PERSONAL PRONOUNS: • 1st 2nd 3rd • Nom: wīs bāt ic þū hē/hit/hēo • Gen: wīses bātes mīn þīn his/his/hiere • Dat: wīsum bāte mē þē him/him/hiere • Acc: wīsne bāt mē þē hine/hit/hit • Inst: wīse bāt mē þē hine/hit/hit 43

  19. DUAL ADJECTIVES, NOUNS & PERSONAL PRONOUNS • ADJ: N: PERSONAL PRONOUNS: • 1st 2nd • Nominative: wit git • Genitive: uncer incer • Dative: unc inc • Accusative: unc inc 43

  20. PLURAL ADJECTIVES, NOUNS & PERSONAL PRONOUNS • ADJ: N: PERSONAL PRONOUNS: • 1st 2nd 3rd • Nom: wīse bātas wē gē hie/hie/hie • Acc: wīse bāta ūs ēow hie/hie/hie • Gen: wīsra bātas ūre ēower hiere/hiere/hiere • Dat: wīsum bātum ūs ēow him/him/him • Inst: wīsum bātum ūs ēow him/him /him 43

  21. VERBS • IND: SUBJ: IMP: PAST TENSE: • SINGULAR: • 1st drīfe drīfe drāf • 2nd drīfest drīfe drīf drīfe • 3rd drīfeþ drīfe drāf • PLURAL: • drīfaþ drīfen drīfaþ drīfon • VERBALS: • INFINITIVE: drīfan • GERUND: tō drīfenne • PARTICIPLE: drīfende • SUPPLETIVE VERBS, which come from two different paradigms: • ēom, eart, is, sindon, wæs, wære, wæron • NOTE: “go” comes from the “to go” paradigm; but “went” comes from the “to wend” paradigm 43

  22. SOUND CHANGES IN ENGLISH • Loss of Duals (Revisit Slide 18) • Intervocalic Fricatives become contrastive (phonemic) • Loss of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables (Suffixes) • Great English Vowel Shift • Number Becomes Intimacy (thou, thee, thy, thine, ye, you) • Loss of Verb Endings (-est, -eth) 43

  23. Intervocalic Fricatives become contrastive (phonemic) • bath vs. to bathe • calf vs. to calve • half vs. to half • house vs. to house • lath vs. lathe • safe vs. to save • teeth vs. to teethe • use vs. to use • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 465) 43

  24. Loss of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables (Suffixes) • boat:stone: • Nominative: bātas stān • Accusative: bāta stānes • Genitive: bātas stāne • Dative: bātum stāne • Instrumental: bātum stān • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 468) 43

  25. GREAT ENGLISH VOWEL SHIFT(Fromkin Rodman Hyams 466) 43

  26. Great English Vowel Shift • A: bāt => boat, nāme => name • E: mē => me, hē => he, wē => we, gēs => geese • I: wīs => wise, ic => I, mīn => my, þīn => thine, mīs => mice • O: ēow => you, gōs => goose • U: þū => thou, mūs => mouse • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 466) 43

  27. OLD ENGLISH: “The Lord’s Prayer” • Fæder ure, • þou þe eart on heofonum, • si þin name gehalgod. • Tobecume þin rice. • Gewurþe þin willa on eorþan swa swa on heofenum. • Urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us to dæg. • And forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgyfaþ urum gyltendum. • And ne gelæd þu us on costnunge, • ac alys us of yfele. • Soþlice. • (Roberts 64) 43

  28. MIDDLE ENGLISH, from Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales • Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote • The droght of March hath perced to the roote… • When April with its sweet showers • The drought of March has pierced to the root…. • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 462, 469) 43

  29. MIDDLE ENGLISH, from Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales • Ther was also a nonne, a Prioresse, • That of hir smyling was ful symple and coy, • Hir gretteste oath was but by Seinte Loy, • And she was cleped Madame Eglentyne. • Ful wel she song the service dyvyne, • Entuned in hir nose ful semely. • And Frenshe she spak ful faire and fetisly • After the scole of Stratford-atte-Bowe, • For Frenshe of Parys was to hir unknowe. • (Roberts 67-68) 43

  30. EARLY MODERN ENGLISH: Shakespeare’s Hamlet • A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm. • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 462) 43

  31. SEMANTIC GAPS AND SOURCES OF NEW WORDS • BORROWINGS • FRENCH: hotel-hostel, chief-chef, bayou, levee, perfume, haut couture • SCANDINAVIAN: ship-skiff, shirt-skirt, dish-discus (they, them, their, etc.) • GERMAN: kindergarten, beer, pretzel, hamburger, frankfurter, seminar • SPANISH: rodeo, corral, desperado, pinto, tornado, cockroach, canyon 43

  32. DUTCH: cole slaw, cookie, poppycock, saw buck, spook, boss, Yankee, dope • YIDDISH: kibbutz, kibbitz, schlep, chutzpa, schmaltz, schmooze, shlemiel, schlemazel, mensch, dreck, schnoz • AMERINDIAN: mackinaw, squaw, wampum, moccasins, sequoia, woodchuck • (cf Fromkin Rodman Hyams 474-476) 43

  33. LOAN TRANSLATIONS • SPANISH: “luna de miel” from English “honeymoon” • SPANISH: “perro caliente” from English “honeymoon” • FRENCH: “chien chaud” from English “hot dog” • FRENCH: “marriage of convenience” from French “marriage de convenance” • PERSIAN: “sib-zamini” from French “pomme de terre,” cf. German “erd apfel” • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 476) 43

  34. SHIFT IN DENOTATION OR CONNOTATION • GENERALIZATION: coke, bird, kleenex, chauvinist • SPECIALIZATION: deer, zest, starve, hound, meat • AMELIORATION: surgeon, bad (Black English) • PEJORATION: silly, knave, villain, saloon • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 477-478) 43

  35. METAPHORICAL SHIFT • METAPHORICAL EXTENSION: bright, sharp, blanket of snow, teeth of a comb • FOLK ETYMOLOGY: hamburger, cold slaw, chaise lounge, woodchuck, hotdog • FOREIGN (HIDDEN) MEANING: walrus, porpoise, puny 43

  36. LENGTHENING • SUFFIXATION: action, active, activity, actor, actress, activate • PREFIXATION (NOTE ASSIMILATION OF “IN-” MEANING “NOT”): irreligious, illegal, immoral, indecent, ignoble • COMPOUNDING: blackbird,bluebird, boathouse, greenhouse, hotdog, houseboat, redcap, Redcoat, tightrope, White House, yellow jacket • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 289) 43

  37. SHORTENING • CLIPPING: • ENDS: inFLUenza, reFRIGErator • MIDDLE: StOCKingS, FEDeral officerS • BACK END: POLIOmylitis, VETeran, VETerinarian • FRONT END: VietNAM, telePHONE • BLENDING: • brunch, motel, urinalysis, electrocute, smog, alcoholidays, NABISCO • BACK FORMATION: • edit, peddle, beg 43

  38. ACRONYMING • AID: Agency for International Development • AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • BIRP: Beverage Industry Recycling Program • CREEP: Committee to Reelect the President (during Nixon’s term) • GASP: Group Against Smoking Publicly • MANURE: Man and Nature United in Rational Enterprise (an environmentalist organization) • MASH: Mobile Army Surgical Hospital • NOW: National Organization of Women • NUT: National Union of Teachers (in England) • SAG: Screen Actors’ Guild • VISTA: Volunteers in Service to America • ZIP: Zoning Improvement Plan 43

  39. ! • Positive Reinforcing: NOW, ZIP, AID • Negative Reinforcing: GASP, MANURE, BIRP, CREEP • Positive Contradictory: AIDS • Negative Contradictory: MASH, NUT, SAG • Bilingual: VISTA, VIVA, COLPA, ACCION 43

  40. !! • METATHESIS: ross-horse, brid-bird, pretty-purty, aks-ask • ONOMATOPOEIA: meow, gurgle, clap, snap, crackle, pop, bang, tinkle, gong • REDUPLICATION: mama, bowwow, ZsaZsa, hanky panky, tooty fruity, zig-zag • PART OF SPEECH CHANGE: act, convert, house, minute, pervert, record, subject, use (NOTE stress change and final vowel change) • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 287) 43

  41. !!! • Pease porridge hot. • Pease porridge cold. • Pease porridge in the pot nine days old. • (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 476) • EXPLANATION: On the first day of a march, prisoners used to be served hot pea soup. • On the second day they were served cold pea soup. • And on the ninth day of the march they would be served pea soup that had been in the pot for nine days. 43

  42. References # 1: Aitchison, Jean “Language Change: Progress or Decay? (Clark, 431-441) Clark, Virginia, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa, eds. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark, eds. Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, Ninth Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 2001. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. “Language Change: The Syllables of Time.” An Introduction to Language, 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007, 461-504. Falk, Julia. “To Be Human: A History of the Study of Language” (Clark, 442-476) 43

  43. References # 2: Herndon,Jeanne H. “Comparative and Historical Linguistics” (Clark, 411-419) Moore, Samuel and Albert Marchwardt. Historical Outlines of English Sounds and Inflections. Ann Arbor, MI: Wahr, 1969. Nilsen, Alleen Pace. “Changing Words in a Changing World.” Living Language. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1999, 427-473. Nilsen, Alleen Pace. “Technology and Language Change.” Living Language. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1999, 379-426. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. “Anachronism,” and “Comic Zeitgeists.” Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000, 31-32 and 95-97. Ohio State University Files. “The Family Tree and Wave Models” (Clark 416-419). Roberts, Paul “A Brief History of English” (Clark, 420-430, Eschholz, 61-71.) 43

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