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The Fall of Imperial Russia

The Fall of Imperial Russia. By: Zac Pekor, Jon Archer, Kaite Peters, Ben Congedo, and Myia Smith. Bloody Sunday. January 22 nd 1905 Father Gapon leads a group of workers to the winter palace to give position to tzar. Economic and social demands Elected duma Freedom of speech and assembly

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The Fall of Imperial Russia

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  1. The Fall of Imperial Russia By: Zac Pekor, Jon Archer, Kaite Peters, Ben Congedo, and Myia Smith

  2. Bloody Sunday • January 22nd 1905 • Father Gapon leads a group of workers to the winter palace to give position to tzar. • Economic and social demands • Elected duma • Freedom of speech and assembly • 8 hour day • Reduction of taxes • Wanted to end war • Peaceful and orderly crowd. • Guards fired into crowd killing more than 100 people. • Russians lose faith in tzar, begins downfall of Russian monarchy.

  3. Revolution of 1905 and its effects • Tzar creates Duman with advisatory powers. • Fails to quell violence – workers had no vote in Duma elections. • Workers strike from September to October 1905. • Soviets were created during this time. • Emergence of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. • Lenin enters politics. • Witte persuades tzar to create constitution • October Manifesto guarantees certain civil liberties and an elected Duman with legislative power. • Russia became a constitutional monarchy.

  4. Leading up to 1917 revolution • Workers in Petrograd and Moscow were striking and rioting for higher food rations. • Soldiers • Were supposed to subdue the workers but refused . • Began a wave of military insubordination.

  5. February Revolution • 1917 February 24th-28th • Long term causes • The slow autocratic political system that was making it harder for the country to reform. • Approx. 83% of the population was rural. • Economically and technically retarded compared to western Europe. • Outdated disorganized army • Corrupt Bureaucracy • Agitation among peasants as well as small working and professional classes. This would soon lead to revolts.

  6. 1917 Revolution • Czar Nicholas’s goal was to suppress the workers and dissolve the Duma. • Duma refused to obey the wishes of the czar. • Insurgents from Petrograd took over the capital. • Duma puts together a provisional government headed by prince Lvov. • Nicholas abdicates throne in Pskov as a result of the government set up by Duma.

  7. Additional Information • There were two million Russian casualties in 1915. • Alcohol presented a unique political problem since the state benefits from people’s desire to get drunk. • Each political group disagreed on how to best deserve the problem of too many Russians drinking too much vodka. • The Jews sold much more alcohol than they drank which made them very vulnerable to frustrated forces looking for simple answers to complicated questions.

  8. The End!!!

  9. Russian Provisional Government Erin Potter, Megan Nagle, Samantha Wolfe, Gina DelRio, Sara Walendziewicz

  10. Formation of the Provisional Government When Nicholas II abdicated on March 13th, a Provisional Government, headed by Prince George Lvov, was formed. Members of the Cabinet included Paul Miliukov(foreign minister), Alexander Guchkov (minister of war), Alexander Kerensky (minister of justice), and Peter Struve (ministry of trade). At the outset of the March Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Committee of the Duma formed the Provisional Government.

  11. Nicholas II <-I Alexander Kerensky -> Peter Struve -> <- Alexander Guchkov

  12. The Goal • The general aim of this government is clear enough: to make a political revolution, not a social revolution. Yet social reform if not social revolution was necessary in the existing conditions of agrarian unrest and dissatisfaction of the industrial proletariat.

  13. Major Disadvantage • The Provisional Government’s leaders, especially Kerensky, were associated with the middle class. The leaders were not seen as having anything in common with the working class, therefore they didn’t believe that those leaders could represent them and understand their needs.

  14. The Russian Revolution of February 1917, brought into power the Provisional Government, which promptly introduced freedom of speech and assembly and lifted the tsarist restrictions on minorities. The Provisional Government in Russia also refused to give land to the poor peasants in the rural area. It decided to keep Russia in WWI. After the Revolution

  15. The Provisional Government had to share power with a formidable rival – the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. The Petrograd Soviet was a huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals. The Petrograd Soviet recognized the authority of the Provisional Government in return for its willingness to carry out eight measures including the full and immediate amnesty for all political prisoners and exiles, among other things. Petrograd Soviet

  16. Army Order #1 • Army Order #1 stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers. Designed primarily to protect the revolution from some counter-revolutionary Bonaparte on horseback, Army Order #1 instead led to a total collapse of army discipline. Many officers were hanged for his sins. Meanwhile, masses of peasant soldiers began returning to their villages to help their families get a share of the land, which peasants were simply seizing as they settled old scores in a great agrarian upheaval. Liberty was turning into anarchy in the summer or 1917. It as an unparalleled opportunity for the most radical and talented of Russia’s socialist leaders, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.

  17. Lenin and Trotsky Aliya Sunderman Kiki DelleDonne Pat Marron Mike Moyer

  18. Vladimir Lenin • Born into the middle class • Older brother was executed for plotting to kill the tsar in 1887 • Exiled to Serbia for three years because socialist agitation • While there, he studied Marxist socialism

  19. Lenin • After his release, he developed his own revolutionary ideas about Marxist socialism

  20. Lenin • 3 revolutionary ideas: • Capitalism can be destroyed only by violent revolution • Under certain conditions, a socialist revolution is possible (like in Russia, where peasants were poor and thus potential revolutionaries) • There is a need for a highly disciplined workers’ party, strictly controlled by a dedicated elite of intellectuals and full time revolutionaries.

  21. Lenin • Formed the Bolshevik party (majority group) • Opponents were the Mensheviks (minority group)

  22. Leon Trotsky • During the summer of 1917, the Bolshevik membership went from 50,000 to 240,000 • Also during this time, Lenin found a strong right hand man, Leon Trotsky • Trotsky executed the Bolshevik seizure of power

  23. Trotsky/Seizure of Power • First he convinced the Petrograd Soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee, which brought military power to the Bolsheviks • Next he reduced the Bolshevik opposition by taking the name of the more popular and democratic Soviets • Then they went on to the congress of the Soviets, in which they had a large majority (390 out of 650)

  24. Seizure of Power • The Soviets (or Bolsheviks) declared that all the power was in the Soviets’ hands and named Lenin as the head of the new government.

  25. Seizure of Power • 3 key reasons for the Bolshevik seizure of power: • By 1917, democracy had given way to anarchy • Lenin and Trotsky were determined to become leaders unlike tsarist government • In 1917, they succeeded in appealing to soldiers and urban workers

  26. Dictatorship and Russian Civil War Nina Bubolz Anton Bubolz Sam Livingston Chris Harding

  27. How the war was started The red guys did not like the whites guys so they decided to have a fight It actually was started in 1917 when Nicholas II of Russia abdicated the thrown, so the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October another revolution occurred in which The Bolshevik party seized control of St. Petersburg In 1918 the Constituent Assembly fell apart and the Soviets where proclaimed as the new government.

  28. The Red Army The Red Army was an instrument of the communist party. It consisted of over 5,000,000 members The Red Army members made an oath to fight for international socialism. Leader of the Red Army was Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko.

  29. The White Army The white army was a bunch of rebels who apposed the rule of the Bolsheviks The white army included cadets, Mensheviks, and socialist revolutionaries. It was also constituted of landowners and factory owners. Members of Russian Orthodox Church who objected to the government’s atheism. The leaders of the White Army were General Yudenich, Admiral Kolchak and General Denikin

  30. Other less popular armies Besides the Red and White army there was also the Ukrainian Green and Black armies The Ukrainian Green Army was made up of nationalists and was more active during the early part of the war. The Ukrainian Black Army or the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Army led by Nestor Makhon. The Black Army, which contained numerous Jews and Ukrainian peasants played a pivotal roll in the stopping the White Army’s offensive toward Moscow.

  31. Russian Civil War 1918-1920 “Conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik (white) armies.” (onwar.com) The White Army lacked coordination and had many rivalries among their leaders. The White generals made many military blunders which was the main reason for their loss. On February 18 peace negotiations between the Bolshevik government and the Germans broke down In 1919 The Red Army finally conquered the White Army

  32. The not so happy Western Allies The Western Allies were mad at Bolsheviks because of Russia’s withdrawal from the war effort… And the Allies were also worried about a possible Russo-German Alliance… And the Allies also where worried that the Bolsheviks would assume no responsibility for massive foreign loans. The Central Powers feared that socialist revolutionary ideas would spread to the West. Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be “strangled in its cradle”. (Churchill is a baby killer!)

  33. End of the War for Russia The war ended with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It screwed up Russia’s relations with other countries because Russia had been really really mean. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangler in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923

  34. Results of the War Transferred power to the Russian Provisional Party and after it collapsed the Bolshevik party took over. 20 million people where killed over the course of the war. Including 1 million soldiers of the Red Army and over 500,000 White Army soldiers. By 1922 there were over 7 million street children and they are still there today. Russia’s economy was devastated Peasants refused to work (lazy infidels) The Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat.

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