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Emotion

Emotion. Let’s think about this:. Take out a scrap sheet of paper Make a list of all of the emotions you can think of in 2 minutes On your mark…get set…go Now group similar emotions into categories. Emotion. Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousal

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Emotion

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  1. Emotion

  2. Let’s think about this: • Take out a scrap sheet of paper • Make a list of all of the emotions you can think of in 2 minutes • On your mark…get set…go • Now group similar emotions into categories

  3. Emotion • Emotion • a response of the whole organism • physiological arousal • expressive behaviors • consciousexperience

  4. Basic Emotions

  5. More Basic Emotions

  6. More Basic Emotions

  7. Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience. Theories of Emotion

  8. Theories of Emotion • Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

  9. Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)? Controversy

  10. Common Sense View When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity. Bob Sacha

  11. Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) James-Lange Theory of Emotion • Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

  12. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion • Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: • physiological responses • subjective experience of emotion

  13. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion • To experience emotion one must: • be physically aroused • cognitively label the arousal

  14. Strong Strong Neutral Neutral Strong Strong First experience After repeated experiences (a) (b) Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

  15. We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain). Embodied Emotion

  16. Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS Emotion and Physiology

  17. Arousal and Performance • Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks Compare to motivation

  18. Physiological Similarities Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar. M. Grecco/ Stock Boston Excitement and fear involve a similar physiological arousal.

  19. Physiological Differences Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. More dopamine receptors: nucleus accumbens The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

  20. What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)? Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking? Cognition and Emotion

  21. Cognition Can Define Emotion An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. AP Photo/ Nati Harnik Reuters/ Corbis Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

  22. Cognition and Emotion Sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction or to the cortex for analysis • The brain’s shortcut for emotions

  23. Experienced emotion Cognition Cognition and Emotion • Emotion and cognition feed on each other

  24. Emotion: Lie Detectors • Polygraph • machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies • measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion • perspiration • cardiovascular • breathing changes

  25. Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

  26. Emotion—Lie Detectors • Control Question • Aim to make anyone nervous (baseline) • Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? • Relevant Question • Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? • Relevant response greater than control response  Lie

  27. Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control question Relevant question Control question Relevant question (a) (b) Emotion--Lie Detectors

  28. Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph Emotion--Lie Detectors • 50 Innocents • 50 Theives • 1/3 of innocent declared guilty • 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

  29. Lab Emotion--Lie Detectors • Is 70% accuracy good? • Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty • test all employees • 285 will be wrongly accused • What about 95% accuracy? • Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty • test all employees (including 999 innocents) • 50 wrongly declared guilty • 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty

  30. Expressed Emotion • How do we decipher people’s emotions? • body language • tone of voice • facial expressions • Are these behaviors culture, gender bound? • How good are we in detecting true or false emotions?

  31. Expressing Emotion Smiles can show different emotions: A) Mask anger B) Overly polite C) Soften criticism D) Reluctant compliance

  32. Nonverbal Communication • People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

  33. Nonverbal Communication • We read fear and anger mostly from eyes, happiness from the mouth • Experience influences how we perceive emotions • physically abused children are quicker to pick out the angry face than non abused children • At what point does the person morph into fear?

  34. Gender Differences • Women generally surpass men at reading people’s emotional cue • Spotting lies • Greater emotional literacy • Greater emotional responsiveness to positive and negative situations • More empathic…more likely to express empathy

  35. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of expressions Women Men Sad Happy Scary Film Type Expressed Emotion: Gender Differences • Gender and expressiveness

  36. UNIVERSAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS • Definition • number of specific inherited facial patterns or expressions that signal inherited facial patterns or expressions that show specific feelings or emotional states, such as a smile signaling a happy state • Number of expressions (seven) • Cross culture • Anger, sadness • Happiness, fear • Surprise, disgust • Contempt

  37. Detecting Emotions • Facial muscles reveal signs of emotion. • Difficult to detect expression of deceit • Absence of verbal or emotional cues makes detection difficult Which smile is feigned, which is natural? How can you tell?

  38. Expressed Emotion • Culturally universal expressions

  39. Emotions are Adaptive Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

  40. Analyzing Emotion Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

  41. Feedback Hypotheses • Facial feedback hypothesis • Expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states • If we smile, we’ll feel happier • Behavior feedback hypothesis • If we move our body as we would when expressing some emotion we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree • Shuffling feet with downcast eyes feel sad

  42. Experienced Emotion • Infants’ naturally occurring emotions • Joy • Anger • Interest • Disgust • Surprise • Sadness • Fear

  43. Dimensions of Emotion People generally divide emotions into two dimensions.

  44. Experienced Emotions: Fear • We learn specific fears through conditioning and observational learning • Biologically prepared to learn certain fears but not others • Snakes, spiders, heights  Self preservation  shared with prehistoric ancestors • Fast driving, bombs, electricity  not conditioned in “genetic” makeup  future generations??

  45. Experienced Emotion • The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

  46. Experienced Emotion: Anger • Frustrations, insults…evoke anger • Catharsis • emotional release • catharsis hypothesis • “releasing”, or venting, aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges • Temporary relief  may actually amplify anger • Reconciliation better than retaliation in reducing anger and its symptoms

  47. Experienced Emotions: Happiness • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon • people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood • More helpful to strangers, give money and time

  48. Experienced Emotion • Subjective Well-Being • self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life • used along with measures of objective well-being • physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

  49. Experienced Emotion • Moods across the day

  50. Experienced Emotion • Changing materialism

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