定语从句专项复习

1. 定语从句专项复习 一．关系代词的用法比较 二．定语从句四种典型错误 三、“介词＋关系代词”五注意 四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句五不同 五、As/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 六、关系副词用法

2. 　　用that, which, who, whom填空　　 1. This is the room in ______ we lived last year. 2. The book, ______ is about the environment protection, is worth reading. 3. He was proud, ______ I dislike very much. 4. Mary has made rapid progress in her studies, ______ is known to us all.

3. 5. Is there anything ______ I can do for you? 6. That’s all _____ I know. 7. You can take any seat _____ is free. 8. There is little time ______ we can spare. 9. This is the first composition _____ I have written in English. 10. This is the best film _____ has been shown this year. 11. It’s a book _____ will help you a lot. 12. There is a seat in the corner _____ is still free. 13. Yesterday I caught two fish, now you can see the two _____ are still alive in a basin of water. 14. They talked about things and persons (_____) they remembered in the school. 15. This is no longer the dirty place (____) it used to be.

4. 16. A friend ______ helps you in time of need is a real friend. 17. Those ______ were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth. 18. People ______ can see sometimes act just as foolishly. 19. All _____ heard the news were amazed. 20. One _____ doesn’t work hard will never be happy. 21. There is a stranger _____ wants to see you. 22. My sister, _____ is a teacher, can speak German well. 23. A new teacher will come tomorrow _____ will teach you German. 24.The student _____ was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard. 25. There is a teacher _____ presents the material in the most interesting way and who enjoys what he teaches.

5. 26. Who _____ has common sense will do such a thing? 27. Which of us _____ knows something about physics does not know this? 总结：A用 which而不用 that情况( 1-4 ): 1、当关系代词前有介词时； 2、引导非限制性定语从句时； 3、在表示继续关系的非限制性定语从句中 （这种定语从句的先行词不是一个词，通常是 整个主句，定语从句与所修饰的整个句子用逗 号分开。）

6. B用 that而不用 which情况(5-15): 1、先行词为 all, much, little, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 等代词时； 2、先行词前有 only, any, few, little, no, all, one of , same 等修饰时； 3、先行词是序数词或者先行词受序数词修饰时； 4、先行词受最高级形容词修饰时； 5、先行词为系动词 be后面的表语时； 6、主句以 There be开头时； 7、先行词为数词时； 8、先行词同时包含人和物时； 9、关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。

7. C用 who而不用 that情况( 16-25 ): 1、关系代词在定语从句中作主语时； 2、先行词为 those为 people时； 3、先行词为all, anyone, one, ones指人时； 4、在以 there be开头的句子中； 5、在非限制性定语从句中先行词为指人时； 6、在被分隔的定语从句中； 7、一个句子有两个定语从句，其中的一个 从句的关系代词是 who，另一个是时 that； 但若先行词后接两个以上的并列的定语从句， 后一个定语从句须重复前一个关系代词，以免产生误解。 D先行词指人多用 that情况： 当主句是以 who或 which开头的特殊疑问句时( 26/27)。

8. 二．定语从句四种典型错误 • 改错： • The building, which roof we can see from here, • is a hotel. • 2) He was born in the village where you visited. • 3) I’ll remember the days when we spent together. • 4) She did all what she could to help the child. • 5) This is just the same bike that I lost yesterday. So I • can’t take it away. • 6) They talked in such a way that close friends do. • The man who named Wang Hui helped me. • 8) In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, • 12 of them were won by women. ( whose ) ( which/ that/ 省略 ) ( which/ that/ 省略) ( that/ 省略) ( as ) ( as ) ( who was named / named ) ( 12 of which/ and 12 of them )

9. 9） It is known to us all, the earth goes around the sun. • 10) He is one of the students who works hard. • 11) He is the only one of the students who work hard. • 12) He was born in the hospital where I once worked there. • Is this bridge the one we crossed it just now? • 错误类型： • A．误用引导词 • 1. that误为 which (如上例 5-15 ) • 2. that误为 who (如上例26/27 ) • 3. 误用that (如上例 1-4. 16-25 ) • 4. whose误为 which 　如1） ( As ) ( work ) ( works ) ( there去掉 ) ( it 去掉)

10. 析： whose表示所属关系，先行词既可以是人，也可以是物，并能由 of which（指物）或 of whom（指人）代替，被修饰词也要加限定词，此处 既可用 the roof of which又可用of which the roof。 注意：当指物时，不表示所属关系，而是同位关系时，则要用 which. E.g: The war lasted four years, during which time both black and white suffered a lot. 5. 误用 where或 when 　如2）3） 析：先行词虽是表示时间、地点的名词，但引导词在从句中不作状语，仍不能用 when或 where. 总结：定语从句关系词的选择有两看：一看先行词；二看其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分：及物动词后作宾语用关系代词（此处visit; spend均为及物动词）；不及物动词后作状语，要用关系副词。

11. 6. 误用what 如4） 析： what引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。 7. 误用as或该用 as而未用　如5）6) 析： the same… that接定语从句表示同一物， the same… as接定语从句表示相似物。　　 析： such… that引导结果状语从句； such… as 引导定 语从句。6) 他们以密友方式进行交谈。 B．与其他结构混淆 1. 与非谓语动词混淆 如7） 析：要用定语从句就必须主谓齐全，作主语的关系 代词也不能省略；要用非谓语动词，就不能有引导词。 注意1： whoever, whatever等词可以跟双谓语，其中 前一个相当于定语从句的谓语。如： Whoever ( = Anyone who ) wants to go there can get a ticket.

12. 注意2：在 such as或 the same as结构引起的定语从句，as还可以用作主语。如： Such people as were mentioned by him were honest. 注意3：有时一个先行词可以被两个以上的定语从句同时修饰或限定。如： He is the best man I can find who can mend it within two hours. 2. 非限制性定语从句与并列句混淆　如8） 析：并列句常用 and, or, but等连接，后一个分句用代词，而不用引导词；非限制性定语从句无并列连词，从句必须用引导词，表示对主句的附加说明。 3. as 引导的定语从句与形式主语结构混淆 　如9） 析：As从句修饰主句时，为非限制性定语从句，要用逗号与主句隔开； it作形式主语，代替后面由 that引导的主语从句，不能有逗号。此句还可改为： It’s known to us that the earth goes around the sun. C．从句谓语动词单复数错误　如10）11） 析：定语从句谓语动词单复数形式取决于其先行词；第一句中的The students是先行词；第二句中的the only one是先行词。要根据句义来确定分隔式定语从句的先行词。

13. D．被替代部分重复出现　如12）13） 析：从句的引导词具有替代作用，即使作从句里的宾语而省略时，也不等于没有。再用就重复或多余了。 三、“介词＋关系代词”五注意 改错： 1. The person to who you should write is Mr Hall. 2. I lost the book in that there are five color pictures. 3. The day on when we can send men into space has at last come. 4. He went back to the house in where he was born yesterday. ( whom ) ( which ) ( which/ on ) ( which/in )

14. 5. He was the boy after whom the woman had looked for many years. 6. The farm in which we worked ten years ago isn’t what it used to be. 7. She wanted to find the way with which she could make everyone live more happily. 8. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person from whom she could turn for help. 9. This is the tree in which the boat was tied. 10. Can you find an object with which your toy is similar? 11. I can’t remember the age in which I won that prize. 12. That is the age at which people live in peace and happily. ( whom the woman had looked after for many years ) ( on ) ( in ) ( to ) ( to ) ( to ) ( at ) ( in )

15. A、关系代词的选用 析：如1）－4）当介词位于从句的句首时，介词后一般用关系代词 whom（指人，如1）不可为 who所代替）或 which（指物，如2）。先行词即使为表示时间、地点的名词，介词后也不能用 when或 where，如3）4））。不过，注意介词 from有时根据句意的需要，也可以接 where。如： He hid himself behind the door, from where he saw the man take a photo of something on the desk. 　提醒1：当介词提前时，关系代词即使作从句里的宾语也不可省略。 B、从句中极固定的或不宜拆解的动词搭配 析：若将定语从句中搭配极为固定的动词短语中的介词提前，其中的短语动词或词组可能会失去它们本身的意义或可能使句子产生歧义，如 look after, look for, depend on, go in for( 迷恋)等。 C、介词与定语所修饰的先行词搭配要适当 析：6）on the farm为习惯搭配，表示“在农场”； 7) in与 way搭配表示“用办法，以方式”。 D、介词与定语从句中的谓语部分要适当 析：8）turn to sb. for help表示“向某人求助”； 9) tie与 to连用，表示“拴/系到…上” 10) similar与 to搭配，表示“与…相似”。 E、介词与从句的具体含义搭配要适当

16. 析：根据全句意义，11）中age的作“年岁”，应与 at搭配；12）中的 age表示“时期，时代”，应与 in搭配。　 　　　提醒2：关系代词＋动词不定式，这种定语从句可省略，而构成“介词＋关系代词＋动词不定式”，如： We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play. He was miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quarrel. 四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句五不同 1. She heard the terrible noise, which brought heart into her mouth. 2. I will never forget the days which we spent together `and when we made friends with some farmers. 3. He is the man whom we should learn from.

17. 4. My father, who works in a hospital, often warns me not to smoke. 5. I have a son who is now studying in the USA.我有一个在美国读书的儿子。 I have a son, who is now studying in the USA. 我有一个儿子，他在美国读书。 6. She is going to spend the holiday in Macao, where she has some close friends.她要到澳门去度假，在那里她有几个密友。 7. Mike sold the house which came down from his father. 8. Mike sold the house, which made his father very angry. 9. He failed in the exam, that made his mother angry. ( ×)( which )他考试没有及格，这使他的妈妈十分生气。He failed in the exam that/ which was important to him.他在对他来说十分重要的考试中没有及格。 10. Having a black hat on, Chaplin carried a stick, which he used to swing in the air.

18. 不同之一：形式不同。限制性定语从句与先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。这是区分两种定语从句的主要标志如1）2）。不同之一：形式不同。限制性定语从句与先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。这是区分两种定语从句的主要标志如1）2）。 不同之二：意义不同。限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，如果去掉从句，剩余的部分意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉从句意思仍然完整如3）4）。 不同之三：译法不同。翻译限制性定语从句时，一般先翻译从句，后翻译先行词；翻译非限制性定语从句时，一般先翻译先行词，后翻译从句，形成两个并列分句或其他类型的分句如5）6）。 不同之四：先行成分不同。限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是单个的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子如7）8）。 不同之五：引导词不同。能引导限制性定语从句的引导词一般都能引导非限制性定语从句。不过 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句，只能引导限制性定语从句如9）。引导限制性定语从句的引导词，在从句中作宾语时，在口语中可以省略；引导非限制性定语从句的引导词，即使作作从句里的宾语也极少省略如10）。

19. 五、As/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 A. 相同点：都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的或部分的内容，非限制性定语从句位于句尾时，且as/which在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时，作“这、这一点”意义时，as = which如： 1) She failed in the exam, which/as was natural.她考试不及格，这看来是很自然的。 2) I live a long way from work, as/which you know.我住得离工作单位很　远，这你是知道的。 B. 不同点： 1. 语序上有区别，as引导非限制性定语从句时，除了放在主句之后，还可放在主句之前，甚至放在主句的中间。而which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句的后面。如： 3) As you will find out, I will never let you down.你将会发现，我绝不会使你失望的。 4) This kind of computer, as is well- known, is out of date.众所周知，这种电脑是过时了。　

20. 2. 词汇意义有区别，which只作“这、这一点”，而as却可作“这、这一点”，“正如、正像”解。在后一个意义上，它们是不能互换的。如 As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.正如全世界所知道的，马克吐温是美国伟大的作家。 3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，表“正如、正像”解时用as如5）6），反之用which如7）8）。 5) The thief came again, as we expected.正如我们所预料的，小偷又来了。 6) She has married again, as we expected.她又结婚了，这是预料之中的事。 7) She has married again, which was unexpected.她又结婚了，这是出乎预料的事。 8) The elephant is like a snake, which is not right.大象像一条蛇，这是不对的。 4. 如果主句为否定句，则位于句尾和句中的as 从句所修饰的范围并不包括主句的否定意义，此时as也不能用which来替代如9）10）。 9) Greenland was not a continent, as people thought. （格陵兰并不像人们所想像的那样是一个大陆。） 10) Spiders are not insects, as many people think.许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但蜘蛛并不是昆虫。 5. 当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用 which引导。如： Mr Smith usually praises his student Betty in public, which she doesn’t like at all.斯密斯先生常公开表扬他的学生贝蒂，对此她一点都不喜欢。

21. 6. 当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如 be known, be said, be reported, be announced等，如： She has been late again, as was expected.她又迟到了，这在预料之中。 7. 如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用 which作主语。如： Tom had made great progress, which delighted us.汤姆取得了很大进步，使我们很高兴。 8. as常用在 as everybody knows, as you may remember, as you say, as I can see, as I have said, as you may have heard, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out, as (it) was said above/earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand (it), as (it) seems likely, as (it) appears 等结构中，或先行词前有 the same, so/as 修饰时，表同一类（非同一个）人或物时，用as 。e. g: Jack has won the first prize, as (it) often happens.像往常一样，杰克得了一等奖。 9. As仍保持作连词时常有的某些含义。如： David is tall, as are my brothers.　大卫很高，我的兄弟也一样。 He opposed the idea, as could be expected. 正如可以预料的那样，他反对这个意见。 10. 当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只用 which引导定语从句。如： Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.

22. 练习： 1. The weather turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect. (NMET 94’) A. what B. which C. that D. it 2. He was very rude to the customs officer, _____ of course made things worse.(上海98’) A. who B. whom C. what D. which 3. ____is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing. .(上海99’) A. Which B. As C. That D. It 4. ____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET 01) A. It B. As C. That D. What 5. ____ has been announced, we shall have our final exam next month. .(上海02’) A. That B. As C . It D. What 6. ____ is known to all, China will be an ___ and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time. .(上海94’) A. That, advancing B. This, advanced C. As, advanced D. It, advancing 7. Also rail travel is very safe and I am never sick on a train, ____ I am on a ship! .(上海94’) A. when B. while C. as D. and 8. She heard a terrible noise, ____ brought her heart into her mouth.(NMET91’) A. it B. which C. this D. that 9. China is a developing country, ___ we all know. .(上海88’) A. as B. for C. since D. because 10. The word “write” has the same pronunciation ____ the word “right”. (NMET84’) A. of B. as C. to D. from 11. I am at least ____ age ____ Robert if I am not older than he. .(上海92’) A. the same, as B. the same, with C. as same, as D. as same , with B D B B B C C B A B A

23. 六、关系副词用法 A、 when表示时间，其先行词为表示时间的名词。如 I thought of my childhood when I played in the seaside. B、 where表示地点，其先行词为表示地点的名词。如 I know of place where we can swim. C、 why表示原因，其先行词为 reason。 why也常可省略。如 This is the reason ( why ) I did it. D、先行词表方式 way等，常用 in which或在 way后定语从句，也可不用任何关系词。如 That is the way ( in which ) I learn English. 注意：1、在某些句型和某些时间状语中， when可以省略。 Come any time you like. 2、 the reason多不用 for which. This is the reason for which I did it. ( × ) 3、在表明方式、时间或地点的单词后面，常用 that来代替 in which, when,或 where。 that也可省去。I didn’t like the way ( that ) she spoke to me.

24. Good-bye!