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Introduction to Computers and Programming

Introduction to Computers and Programming. Professor Avi Rosenfeld. Administrative Details. Course home page is at www.cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall01/V22.0002-001/index.htm Syllabus is accessible from the home page There will be six homeworks, two midterms and a final

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Introduction to Computers and Programming

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  1. Introduction to Computers and Programming Professor Avi Rosenfeld Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  2. Administrative Details • Course home page is at www.cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall01/V22.0002-001/index.htm • Syllabus is accessible from the home page • There will be six homeworks, two midterms and a final • There will be OPTIONAL homeworks given more frequently • Office hours are on Wednesday, 8:30-9:30 A.M., room 419 CIWW, and by appointment Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  3. About Me • Email: arosnfld@cs.nyu.edu • Yeshiva University Web Page: http://www.yu.edu/faculty/arosnfld/ Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  4. Important Information • See the syllabus for more details on homework, midterms and the final • Class participation is important and will help your final grade • To proceed with further computer science courses in the undergraduate division, you *MUST* achieve a grade of C or better-NO EXCEPTIONS CAN BE MADE Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  5. Introduction • The purpose of this course is to teach you about computing, but particularly, programming in C (a powerful, widely-used programming language see Linux). • The goal of the course is to introduce you to the world of C.S. and to give you the ability to program independently. Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  6. What is a Computer? • Device capable of performing computations and enacting logical decisions • Computers process data through sets of instructions called computer programs • Programs guide the computer through actions as specified by people called computer programmers. Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  7. Elements of a Computer • Input devices (files, keyboards, mice, etc.) • Output device (files, screen, printers, etc.) • Memory (video, cache, flash, etc.) • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) data process • Central Processing Unit (CPU) control • Secondary Storage (e.g. hard disk, floppy) Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  8. Hardware vs. Software • Hardware – Physical Components • Software – Logical Instructions • Firmware – Logical Instructions imprinted on physical Components Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  9. How Does a Computer “think”? • Transistors form switches that are in “on” or “off” states. • The Pentium 4 chip has over 42 million transistors. • Each transistor creates one bit. • 8 bits create one byte Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  10. Why are Bytes Important? • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) tables • Unicode addresses the ASCII limitations • http://www.asciitable.com/ Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  11. Evolution of the Computer • Early computers used batch processing – one job (program) at a time • Very inefficient, sometimes days till output produced • Often automation techniques still run in batch. • Terminals used – “dumb” client • Operating systems (OS’s) were first developed to handle switching between jobs • Multitasking • Multithreading Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  12. Personal Computing • In 1977, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak popularized personal computing with the Apple (proprietary equipment) • In 1981, IBM introduced the IBM Personal Computer (PC), using “off-the-shelf” components • Today’s top PC’s are as powerful as the million dollar machines of only ten years ago. Aren’t “dumb” terminals. Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  13. Programming Languages • Machine language • Hardware-dependent, cumbersome manipulation of series of numbers (1’s and 0’s) • Assembly language, e.g. LOAD BALANCE ADD TAX STORE TOTAL • High-level languages (compiled or interpreted) • Pascal, Lisp, Ada, Java, Basic, C, C++, etc. Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  14. The C Programming Language • C was originally created in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs= • C is a relatively low-level high-level language; i.e. deals with numbers, characters, and memory addresses Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  15. Functions (“verbs” to Deitel) • C programs consist of modules called functions • Functions are groups of instructions that operate on data to produce and often return results • Known in other languages as methods, procedures, subs, among others Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  16. Objects (“Nouns” to Deitel) • Object-oriented programming seeks to model the behavior of objects • There are data and operations (functions) that work on just that data • Benefits • Reusability • Quicker development • Easier maintenance Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  17. Structured Programming • Disciplined approach to writing programs that are clear, correct and easy to maintain and modify • The goal of this course is to make you into structured programming. Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  18. Creating Programs in C • Six basic steps • Edit • Preprocess • Compile • Link • Load • Execute Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  19. Editor • Used to create the program and store it on disk (secondary storage) • C programs should be saved with a .c extension Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  20. Preprocessor • Handles various manipulations before compiling, including • Inclusion of additional specified files (e.g. stdio.h, stdafx.h) • Text replacement • Results in more efficient, clearer and less unwieldy code Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  21. Compiler • Translates the saved program file to machine language (a/k/a object code) and saves it to a file Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  22. Linker • Links object code from any additional specified files into appropriate places in your code • Produces a file that is an executable image of the linked object code and stores it on the disk Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  23. Loader • Puts the executable image (instructions) from the disk into primary memory Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

  24. Execute • CPU takes each instruction in primary memory and executes it • CPU may also store new data values as program executes Introduction to Computers and Programming - Class 1

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