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Solon’s reforms, 594/3 BCE

Solon’s reforms, 594/3 BCE. Royal Stoa , Athenian agora. Solon’s laws: kyrbeis (tablets) and axones (axles) inside the Royal Stoa. Demos as active participant in Athenian politics. Pnyx : meeting place of the ekklesia. Question. Was Solon the founder of Athenian democracy?

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Solon’s reforms, 594/3 BCE

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  1. Solon’s reforms, 594/3 BCE Royal Stoa, Athenian agora Solon’s laws: kyrbeis (tablets) and axones (axles) inside the Royal Stoa

  2. Demos as active participant in Athenian politics Pnyx: meeting place of the ekklesia

  3. Question • Was Solon the founder of Athenian democracy? • Arist. Politics 1273b35-1274a1 in D&G 3.22 (p.79) • [Arist.] Ath. Pol. 9.1-2 in D&G 3.23 (p.80)

  4. Solon’s apodemia: stasis in Athens • apodemia: 594-584 BCE • stasis • anarchia; 590/89, 586/5 BCE • Damasis, 581/1-580/79 BCE • 10 archons, 579/8 BCE

  5. Peisistratos and the Peisistratids: Athens’ family of turannoi • Factions (Ath. Pol. 13.4-5 in D&G 4.2, p.94) • "men of the plain" = pediakoi • conservative, holders of large tracts of land, favoring oligarchy • "men of the coast" = paraloi • moderate, fishermen, sailors, favoring a middling constitution) • "men beyond/of the hills" = hyperakrioior diakrioi • radical, no political power base, not of pure Athenian descent, favoring more democracy • Peisistratos as demotikotakos = "friend to democracy" and “champion of the hyperakrioi” (Hdt. 1.59.3 in D&G 4.1, p.93)

  6. Hyperakrioi/Diakrioi Men of the hills Paraloi Men of the coasts Pediakoi Men of the plains

  7. Peisistratid tyrannies(chronology of Peisistratos speculative) Peisistratos • 561/0 BCE with the club-bearers • expulsion 561/0 or 560/59 • 556/5 BCE with Phye of Paiania • expulsion 556/5 • 546/5 BCE with Battle of Pallene • death in 528/7 BCE Hippias • 528/7 BCE succession • 514/3 BCE assassination of younger brother Hipparchos • 511/0 BCE expulsion of Hippias and Peisistratid family

  8. First tyranny: 561/0 (expulsion within 1 year) Clubbearers in the agora; seizure of Acropolis “And so Peisistratos was master of the Athenians, but he neither disturbed the existing magistracies nor changed the laws, and governed the city in accordance with the status quo, ruling fairly and well” (Hdt. 1.59.6 in D&G 4.3) “He preserved most of Solon’s laws, abiding by them himself and compelling his friends to do so” (Plut. Solon 30.5 in D&G 4.5)

  9. Second tyranny: 556/5 (expulsion the same year) Expelled in 561/0, restored in 556/6: Phye of Paiania (see Hdt. 1.60.1-5 in D&G 4.6) “Peisistratos in accordance with his agreement with Megakles married Megakles’ daughter. But since he had sons who were already young men, and the Alkmeonidai were said to be accursed, he did not want to have children by his new bride and therefore did not have intercourse with her in the normal way” (Hdt. 1.61.1-2 in D&G 4.8)

  10. Third tyranny: external sources of Peisistratos’ power (Hdt. 1.61.3-4, Ath. Pol. 15.2 in D&G 4.9-10) Personal resources:Silver from Strymon River Theban money Eretrianhippeis Athens Lygdamis of Naxos:money and men Argive mercenaries

  11. Third tyranny: 546/5-528/7 BCE “Their supporters from the city arrived, while others streamed in from the villages who preferred tyranny to freedom” (Hdt. 1.62.1 in D&G 4.11) X Pallene

  12. Third tyranny: 546/5-528/7 BCE • Tyranny established: Ath. Pol. 15.3-5 in D&G 4.13 • Alkmaionidaiin exile: Hdt. 1.64.3 in D&G 4.14 • Nature of rule: Ath. Pol. 16.9 in D&G 4.16

  13. symposium: early 5th C. kylix

  14. Peisistratus’ patronage • Religious – civic and mystery cults • City Dionysia– 534/3 BCE: tragedies (Thespis, 534/3 BCE) • Greater/Lesser Panathenaia– 566 BCE(?): all-Athens festival • Purified Delos – 540 BCE(?): extension of Athenian influence • Eleusinian Mysteries – 530 BCE – all-Athens mystery cult • Economic/religious: • (Old) Temple of Athena on Akropolis (ca. 530-520 BCE) • Temple of Olympian Zeus (ca. 550 Peisistratos; ca. 520 sons; completed ca. 125 CE) • Economic: • Fountainhouses • Literary: • Codification of Iliad and Odyssey

  15. Dionysos and satyrs, 530-500 BCE Amasis Painter, ca. 530-520 BCE Red-figure kylix, ca. 500 BCE

  16. Theater of Dionysus, ca. 500 BCE

  17. Panathenaic frieze of the Parthenon (Elgin Marbles, BM)

  18. Panathenaic Procession Panathenaic procession culminating on the Acropolis, late 5th c. BCE reconstruction

  19. Panathenaicamphorae Euphiletos Painter, 530-520 BCE Kleophrades Painter, 490-480 BCE

  20. ReconstructionOld Temple of Athenaca. 530-520 BCE Monumental architecture and sculpture Pedimental sculptureOld Temple of Athenaca. 530-520 BCE

  21. Athens, ca. 530-480 BCE andTemple of Olympian Zeus, ca. 550 BCE – 125 CE

  22. SE Fountain House in the Agora (like Peisistratos’ Enneakrounos or “Nine-headed Fountain,” Thuc. 2.15.3-5 in D&G 4.28) Class of Hamburg 1917 Painter, Hydria, 510-500 BCE

  23. Peisistratos’ successors • Hipparchos, not tyrannos, assassinated in 514/3 BCE • Hippias, tyrannos528/7-511/0 BCE • Nature of the tyranny until 514/3 BCE: Thuc. 6.54.1-6 in D&G 4.21

  24. Athenian Archon List, 527/6-522/1 BCE Fragment of an Athenian inscription O N E T O R I D E S H I P P I A S K L E I S TH E N E S M I L T I A D E S K A L L I A D E S P E I S I S T R A T O S E T O I P P I A L E I S TH E N I L T I A D E S L L I A D E S S T R A T Onetorides 527/6 Hippias 526/5 (tyrannos) Kleisthenes 525/4 (Alkmaionid: not in exile!) Miltiades 524/3 (fixed; ruler of Chersonese) Kalliades 523/2 Peisistratos 522/1 (namesake/grandson)

  25. Prelude to assassination: Hipparchos insults Harmodios’ sister at the Panathenaia

  26. Tyrannicides: Harmodios and Aristogeiton (Thuc. 6.56-58 in D&G 4.30; praise and heroization – D&G 4.40-47) Roman copy of the version made in 477/6 BCE First version made in 509 BCE was stolen in 480 BCE by King Xerxes of Persia 5th c. skolionpraises their efforts to restore isonomia – “equal distribution of justice” (D&G 4.43)

  27. Tyranny: End of the Peisistratids • Hippias: 514-511/0 BCE (D&G 4.32-34) • Alkmaionidai in exile; Delphi – Ath. Pol. 19.4-6 in D&G 4.38 • Sparta and King Kleomenes: Hdt. 5.62-65 in D&G 4.36-37 • Hippias in Persia: 511/0 BCE

  28. Assessment of Solon and Peisistratids • What did Solon do for Athens? • What did Peisistratus do for Athens? • On balance, how do you view the political system of Athens in the 6th century BCE?

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