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Driver Attention for Information Display on Variable Message Signs with Graphics and Texts

IFORS 2014 Barcelona. Driver Attention for Information Display on Variable Message Signs with Graphics and Texts. Chien-Jung Lai, Chi-Ying Wang. National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiwan. IFORS 2014 Barcelona. Outlines. Introduction. 1.

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Driver Attention for Information Display on Variable Message Signs with Graphics and Texts

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  1. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Driver Attention for Information Display on Variable Message Signs with Graphics and Texts Chien-Jung Lai, Chi-Ying Wang National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiwan.

  2. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Outlines Introduction 1 • What are Variable Message Signs (VMS) and Graphical Route Information Panel (GRIP)? • Types of GRIP in the World • Advantages and Disadvantages of GRIP • Objectives Experiment Method 2 Results and Discussion 3 Conclusions 4

  3. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Introduction – • What are Variable Message Signs (VMS) and • Graphical Route Information Panel (GRIP)? • GRIPare a category of variable message signs (VMS) in Intelligent Transportation Systems to display real-time congestion and journey time information with graphics relevant to drivers on sections of the trunk road network. • Alternative names of GRIP: • Graphical Congestion Display Panels (GCDP) in the UK. • Changeable Graphical Signs (CGS) in Taiwan.

  4. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Introduction – • Types of GRIP in the World

  5. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Introduction – • Advantages of GRIP • Display information regarding different routes simultaneously. • By displaying part of a road network, including the location of congestion, an overview of the current traffic situation can be given. • Serve a larger group of motorists • Particularly motorists who are not familiar with the roadways will have fewer problems.

  6. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Introduction – Disadvantages of GRIP • A problem that remains is whether or not more information can be processed fast enough by drivers, and how complex the GRIPs can be for the motorist while negotiating an everyday road situation. • Integration of GRIP and VMS may be an alternative for improving the effectiveness of traffic variable signs.

  7. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Introduction – • Objectives • Investigate the effects and driver attention of display information and position on Variable message signs (VMS) with graphics and texts.

  8. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Methods –Experiment Design • Independent Variables • Content of GRIP information (road color, road color with driving journey time)

  9. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Methods –Experiment Design • Independent Variables • VMS information (no information, simple information, detailed information)

  10. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Methods –Experiment Design • Independent Variables • Position of VMS relative to GRIP (top, bottom, right, left) top bottom right left

  11. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Methods –Experiment Design • A within-subjects design was conducted in the experiment. 24 treatment groups represented the combinations of the three within-subjects factors. • Each participant went through 72 randomized stimulus presentations, that is, 24 GRIPwith 3 different response choice in each test.

  12. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Methods –Experiment Design Illustrations of 3 VMS information and 4 positions under different GRIP information (a) GRIP with road colour only information

  13. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Methods –Experiment Design Illustrations of 3 VMS information and 4 positions under different GRIP information (b) GRIP with road colour and driving journey time information

  14. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Method – A Video-based Driving Simulation • The VMS+GRIP are merged with driving video simulating a driver’s view. • A sequence of computer generated VMS+GRIP is projected onto a screen in a random but controlled manner. • Participants sitting in front of the screen sees the messages gradually increase in size. • Participants were asked to choose a route according to the assigned destination by their free will. • An appropriate action (turn the steering wheel or press the pedal) is required to signal subject’s comprehension of the stimulus information.

  15. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Method –Experiment set-up 15 15

  16. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Method – Respond mode An example of three different GRIP with the associated optimum response mode. *The optimum response is the choice to the fastest route among all alternatives.

  17. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Method- Performance measure • Response time • the time between the start of presentation of a GRIP with VMS stimuli and the moment of a participant’s response to the information. • Optimum route choice percentage • 100 times the number of optimum responses divided by the total number of responses.

  18. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Method –Subjects • 30 students were chosen randomly from the college. • Gender-15 males, 15 females. • Age– 19~28 yrs., M=23, SD=3.1 • All were with valid driver’s licenses and had driving experience on freeways.

  19. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Result & Analysis- Performance under each level of the IDVs

  20. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Result & Analysis- ANOVAMain Effect Plots of Significant Factors • Participants responded more quickly for road color only GRIP (10.764 s) than for road color with journey time GRIP (11.403 s). ( F(1, 29)=86.67, p<0.001) • Participants had the shortest response time for VMS on the right position of GRIP (10.868 s), the longest time for VMS on the top position (11.275 s). ( F(3, 87)=4.915, p<0.05)

  21. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Result & Analysis-INTERATION • The interaction of content of VMS information and content of GRIP information were significant on participants’ response time ( F(2, 58)=7.925, p<0.05). Response times for none information with the road color only of GRIP were the shortest.

  22. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Result & Analysis-INTERATION • The interaction of content of VMS information and position of VMS relative to GRIP were significant on participants’ response time ( F(6, 174)=4.092, p<0.05). Response times for none information with the right position of VMS relative to GRIP were the shortest.

  23. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Result & Analysis- Gaze trajectory • In general, participants first gazed at GRIP, next shifted to VMS, and then fixed at GRIP again.

  24. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Discussion • The content of GRIP information significantly affected participants’ response time. GRIP with road color only had quicker response time compared to road color with journey time. • Familiarity with color codes and less information units for GRIP with color codes should explain the effect. Color codes were better for identification task than were certain other codes (Christ, 1975; Sanders and McCormick, 1993). • The amount of information units for road color only was less than road color with journey time.

  25. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Discussion • The results also showed participants had the shortest response time for VMS on the right position of GRIP, and they had the longest time for VMS on the top position relative to GRIP. • Participants’ response times for VMS on the right position relative to GRIP was the shortest while VMS had none information. • Order of participants’ gaze may explain some of the effects.

  26. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Conclusions • Considering drivers’ comprehension and response, using colour to present the traffic condition on GRIP may be a suitable method. • Right position of VMS relative to GRIP may also be a better allocation of VMS and GRIP panel. • A further research on eye fixation and gaze trajectory for understanding the allocation of drivers’ attention is needed.

  27. IFORS 2014 Barcelona Thank You!

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