Foundations of Individual Behavior

1. Foundations of Individual Behavior

2. Individual Behaviour • Biographical characteristics • Types of ability • Shape the behavior of others • Examine four schedules of reinforcement • Clarify the role of punishment in learning

3. BiographicalCharacteristics Age

4. BiographicalCharacteristics Gender

5. BiographicalCharacteristics Marital Status

6. BiographicalCharacteristics Tenure

7. Intellectual Abilities • Number aptitude • Verbal comprehension • Perceptual speed • Inductive reasoning • Deductive reasoning • Memory ability

8. Basic Physical Abilities Strength Factors Other Factors Flexibility Factors

9. The Ability-Job Fit • Abilities of the employee • Requirements of the job

10. Classical Conditioning

12. Social Learning Theory Learn by observing others and through direct experiences Models have influence when the following processes occur: Attentional Recognize Retention Remember Motor Reproduction Do Reinforcement Get rewarded

13. Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Extinction Methods of Shaping Behavior

14. Continuous Intermittent Types of Reinforcement Reinforces desired behavior often enough to make behavior worth repeating Reinforces desired behavior every time

15. Akbar’s Handicap horse Horse walk…….

16. Schedules of Reinforcement Interval Ratio Fixed- Interval Fixed- Ratio Fixed Variable- Ratio Variable- Interval Variable

17. Behavior Modification • Critical behaviors • Baseline data • Behavioral consequences • Intervention strategy • Performance improvement

18. Organizational Applications • Lotteries to reduce absenteeism • Well pay versus sick pay • Training programs • Mentoring programs

19. Individual Behaviour Perception

20. The Perceiver Factors That Can Influence Perception The Situation The Target

21. Old Lady • December in Pune is always very cold. • Old women need to wear Sweater. • A little cute girl.

25. PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our personal world has stability. 1. There is an enduring aspect to our experience. 2. We seek some consistency in our world. 3. Constancies - see the same person as the same even with changes in clothing, hair color, size, and circumstances. 4. The perceptual act is a complex form of problem solving the goal of which is to create stability.

26. PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our perceptual world is meaningful 1. Meaningful in the sense that the structure and stable events are not isolated from one another but are related over time. 2. Thus experience is meaningful because it is structured and stable and we realize that events have implications for one another.

27. PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES:Our perceptual world is meaningful • 3. Perceptual set is the primary influence in the individual perception process • a) Cultural expectationsb) Motivationc) Mood d) Attitude • 4. Other factors influencing perception meaningful are: • a) Past experienceb) Languagec) Goals for the future

28. Person perception, the process of perceiving other individuals and the self, differs from object in some ways, but is also similar in some ways.

29. Special features of person perception The two characteristics [causal & similar] lead us to perceive social interactions as dynamic interactions of “caused” behavior.