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Visualization and Simulation of Immiscible and Miscible Displacement in Porous Media

This document explores the mechanisms of immiscible and miscible displacement processes in porous media, focusing on gravity domination. It discusses the limitations of Darcy's Law, presents experimental and modeling results, and outlines techniques for pore network simulation. Key topics include gas injection methods, flow visualization using glass micromodels, and the efficiency of various displacement mechanisms. Future work emphasizes the optimization of miscible CO2 flooding processes and the establishment of visualization labs to further study these phenomena.

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Visualization and Simulation of Immiscible and Miscible Displacement in Porous Media

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  1. Flow Visualization & Pore Network Simulation of Immiscible/ Miscible Displacement with Gravity Domination • M. Haghighi • 09/09/09

  2. Table of Contents • EOR Process with Gravity Domination • Darcy Law Is Not Enough • Experimental Results • Modelling Results • Future Work

  3. EOR Process with Gravity Drainage • GAGD • SAGD • Downdip Gas Injection • Updip Gas Injection • Gas Injection In Fractured Reservoirs

  4. CO2 GAGD (Jadhawar & Sarma)

  5. SAGD

  6. Downdip Gas Injection

  7. Gravity Drainage In Fractured Reservoirs

  8. Reservoir Simulation • Diffusivity Equation (Mass Balance and Darcy Equation) • Relative Permeability Concept (Buckley-Leverett equation for immiscible displacement)

  9. EOR Efficiency • Microscopic Displacement Efficiency × • Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency

  10. Microscopic Displacement Efficiency • Flow Mechanism at Pore Scale • Pore Geometry • Pore Structure • Wettability • Dispersion • Diffusion

  11. Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency • Areal Sweep Efficiency • Vertical Sweep Efficiency • Large Scale Reservoir Heterogeneities • Well Pattern

  12. Darcy Law is not enough(at Pore Scale) • Pore Scale Flow Mechanisms • Film Flow • Meniscus Movement • Corner Flow • Wettability Alteration • Fluid Spreading

  13. Darcy Law Is Not Enough(In Pore Network) • Viscous Fingering • Invasion Percolation • Diffusion Limited Aggregation • Fractal Characteristics

  14. DLA

  15. Lenormand et al.

  16. Research Tools at Pore Scale • Flow Visualization using Glass Micromodel • Pore Network Simulation

  17. Glass Etched Micromodels 1) Preparing the pattern of porous media 2) Elimination of the protection-layer of the mirror 3) Covering the mirror with photo resist laminate 4) Exposing the covered mirror to UV light 5) Elimination of not-lightened parts using a developer 6) Etching the glass with HF 7) Fusing the etched glass with a plain glass

  18. Experimental Set-up

  19. Experimental Results

  20. Experimental Results

  21. Experimental Results

  22. Experimental Results

  23. Experimental Results

  24. Experimental Results

  25. Experimental Results

  26. Pores provide volume & interconnectivity Pore throats provide resistance to flow. Mass conservation at each pore: Simple solution to the momentum equations in each pore throat. Pore Network Modeling 1. A discrete view of the porous medium (pores and pore throats) 2. Solution to various transport problems using conservation equations.

  27. Solution of the Fluid Flow in the Network Conductances: Fluid Flow Equations a) One Phase (Oil): b) Two-Phase (Oil & Gas): Nodes with Oil-Gas Front: g =0.5GA2/μ , circular cross section g = 0.5623GA2/μ , square cross section g = 3R2A/20μ , triangular cross section Pgas= Constant= Patm Continuity (Mass Balance) Eq. For Each Oily Node: At = πR2 , circular cross section At = 4R2 , square cross section At =R2/4G , triangular cross section Writing Continuity Eq. for all Nodes, We have a linear set of equations: Film Conductance:

  28. Gas-Oil Displacement Generalization of Continuity Eq. for Different Fluid Configurations 34 Different Fluid Gonfigurations → 34 Different Continuity Equations Example: If All Adjacent Nodes of Node i Are Oily Nodes: Example: If One of the Adjacent Nodes of Node i be Occupied by Gas:

  29. Pore LevelDisplacement Mechanisms • 2-Phase Displacement Mechanisms a) Drainage b) Imbibition c) Counter-Current Drainage 3-Phase Displacement Mechanisms a) Double Drainage b) Double Imbibition

  30. Model Assumptions ≈10-6 → Viscous forces are negligible ≈ 1609 > 10-4 → Gravity forces are very important

  31. Experimental Results

  32. Future Work • Micible Co2 Flooding with Gravity Domination Using Glass-etched Micromodel and Pore network Modelling

  33. Miscible Co2 Flooding with Gravity Domination • Establishing Flow Visualization Lab • Performing Miscible Displacement Tests • Developing Pore Network Model for Miscible Displacement • Identifying Controlling parameters • Performing Experimental in Core Scale • Performing Process Optimization • Upscaling

  34. End Any Questions?

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