2018: Fumigation and IR-4

1. 2018: Fumigation and IR-4 Stanley Culpepper, University of Georgia Tifton Campus

2. Fumigation / Plasticulture • Past • Present • Future

3. Farm Gate Value of Crops on Plastic in Georgia Source: Georgia Farm Gate Value Report, The University of Georgia, Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development

4. Georgia Production on Plastic

5. Methyl Bromide • Over 50 years of use

6. WEEDS, DISEASE, NEMATODES

7. Methyl Bromide • Over 50 years of use • 1990 Montreal Protocol and Clean Air Act: methyl bromide was classified as a class 1 ozone depleting substance and for its gradual removal from the market.

8. 1 August 2005 1 September 2005 Ozone layer in Antarctica 1 October 2005 1 November 2005 1 December 2005 http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html

9. Methyl Bromide Removal from the Market • Production 1999 = 25% reduction 2001 = 25% reduction 2003 = 20% reduction 2005 = gone (reduce methyl bromide ai over time)

10. Loss of Methyl Bromide in 2005

11. Methyl Bromide Uses • QPS (Quarantine Pre Shipment) gas • Non-Soil Use (imports/exports) Ex. wood • Soil Use (mostly interstate movement) Ex. Pine tree seedlings • CUE (Critical Use Exemption) gas • Preplant soil fumigant applications

12. Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemption Pepper, Eggplant, Squash, Tomato, Melons, Cucumber

13. Purple and Yellow Nutsedges: Primary Weeds in a Plasticulture System

15. Prescription Fumigation

16. A Few Specialty Crop Values(Retail Value Per Acre 2014) • Watermelon (small bed mulch): $9000 • Watermelon (large bed mulch): $14,400 3. Cantaloupe (small bed mulch): $8666 4. Pepper (raised mulch): $22,400 5. Tomato (raised mulch): $33,600 6. Blueberry (high bush): $10,000

17. Paladin Pic + Vapam TIF • UGA 3-WAY* TIF All common weeds Fumigant Systems For Weeds Good nutsedge, watch grass and pigweed 3. Paladin Pic TIF 4. UGA 3-WAY LDPE Watch nutsedge, good grass and pigweed Watch nutsedge, grass, and pigweed… ...nematodes?? 5. Pic Chlor 60 TIF *UGA 3-WAY: system of Telone II, Pic, Metam

18. Telone II Application 12 to 14 “ deep

19. Chloropicrin placed 8 inches deep Low Nematode Levels Pic Chlor 60 = 8-10 in. (21 G)

20. Metam Application with blades 4” apart applying metam 4” deep – no herbicide under mulch

21. Either LDPE or TIF Mulch Depending on Nutsedge Control Needed!

22. Selecting the Correct Mulch Can Be Challenging Low or High Density Polyethylene Virtually Impermeable Film Totally Impermeable Film

23. Funnel glued to mulch and then left for a set amount of time GASTEC GV100S Silicone Glue Detector Tube Range 0.1 to 18 ppm

24. Nutsedge response to the 3-WAY. Tift Co., 2013. 99 a 89 b % 494 plant/A 160 plant/A TIF LDPE Plots were 1 bed by 150 feet. Fall soil temp 84. (Veg 43-13) 82,460 plant/A check

25. Nutsedge response to the 3-WAY. Echols Co., 2013. 97 a 65 c % 37,265 plant/A 290 plant/A LDPE TIF Plots were 1 bed by 150 feet. Spring soil temp 64. (Veg 13-13) 319,250 plant/A check

26. UGA 3-WAY. Fall 2013. Tift Co. 3-WAY; TIF Check

27. Light Populations: 40 GPA TIF Moderate to Severe: 50 GPA TIF BE CAREFUL FOR ODOR MANAGEMENT MUST USE TIF MULCH Paldin Pic Systems

28. Trifecta/Paladin Pic placed 8-10” deep

29. Metam Application with blades 4” apart applying metam 4” deep TIF MULCH ONLY

30. Paladin Pic + Vapam Check

31. Nutsedge response to top tier fumigant systems. Tift County, 2014 - Fall. UGA 3-WAY TIF Paladin Pic + Vapam TIF Non-treated 129,600/A

32. COST Production Challenges - #1 DRIVER

33. We can influence quite quickly if willing!!!! 1. FUMIGANT RATE Factors Influencing Rate/Control 1. Higher populations of nutsedge 2. Warmer soil temperatures 3. Low moisture conditions (not wet either) 4. Soft bed (compaction) 5. Lighter texture the soil

34. Managing Nutsedge YEAR ROUND • Select the right fumigant system • Sandea in crop when feasible • Sandea row middles 4. Spray as soon as crop done:

35. BED FORMATION Production Challenges - #2 Proper bed facilitates better fumigant, water & fertilizer movement

36. 1. FUMIGANT RATE Factors Influencing Rate/Control 1. Higher populations of nutsedge • Bed formation (150 lb person sink ½ inch) • Moisture (avoid dry; avoid wet) • Soil temperatures (cool good; hot bad) 5. Soil texture (“lighter” texture less control INFLUENCE CONCENTRATION OVER TIME

37. BED FORMATION 150 lb person sinks ½-1” -double press -shrink pan Production Challenges - #2 Proper bed facilitates better fumigant, water & fertilizer movement

38. PLANT BACK INTERVALS PESTCONTROL PLANT BACK Production Challenges - #3 concentration over time (where the pest is located)

39. IR-4 Registrations Are Essential for Vegetable Producer Sustainability Roger B. Batts Field Research Director, NCSU IR-4 Center and Interim IR-4 Southern Region Field Coordinator GFVGA, Savannah, GA Jan 12, 2018

40. IR-4 Mission Facilitating the regulatory approval of sustainable pest management technology for specialty crops and specialty uses to promote public well-being

42. Why Is IR-4 Needed? • Lack of Economic Incentive for Registrants • Development costs from ‘discovery to jug’ is estimated at $250-350M • Limited patent life • Small acreage vegetable crops = relatively small amount of product sales • “Just not worth the registration expenses and efforts” • Liability for Registrants • Vegetable crops generally have higher value • This is not a new scenario. IR-4 was established by USDA in 1963 because of these same factors.

43. Who Benefits from IR-4 • Growers • Legal access to safe & effective pest management tools • Protect and sell a higher proportion of their crop • Food Processors & Food Retailers • Consistent supply of materials • Crop Protection Industry • Expanded registrations & potential sales • Exclusive Use of Data Extension • Public • Plentiful and more economical supply of fruits & vegetables that contribute to a healthy diet.

44. No Herbicide Reflex 16 oz/A

45. Visual Eggplant Injury to Reflex Preplant. TyTy, GA. 2017. 26-29 DAT. % 10 b 4 a 0 a 0 a 1 a 8 12 24 16 32 Reflex Rate (oz/A) *Values followed by the same letter are not different at P = 0.05. Data combined over 2 runs.

46. How IR-4 Helps (cont’d) • Crop Groups and Crop Group Expansion • EPA Crop Groups are based primarily on similar taxonomy and similar growth habits. Tolerances established on a the ‘representative crop’ of a CG apply to all crops in that CG. More ‘bang for the buck’. • Placing ‘orphan crops’ into established EPA crop groups can automatically get a tolerance applied to that crop. (Ex: Reflex/Eggplant) • Harmonization of International MRLs • Different tolerance levels for the same product/crop combination in different countries can constrict trade. • IR-4 leading international efforts to harmonize MRLs = ‘level playing field’

47. INDUSTRY Georgia Department of Agriculture Commissioner Gary Black

48. New Vegetable Herbicide Uses - Last 10 Yr 1. Chateau tomato RM 2. Chateau pepper RM 3. Chateau eggplant RM 4. Chateau watermelon RM 5. Chateau cantaloupe RM 6. Chateau cucumber RM 7. Chateau squash RM 8. Chateau cabbage RM 9. Dual Magnum pepper topical 10. Dual Magnum broccoli topical 11. Dual Magnum cabbage topical 12. Dual Magnum collards topical 13. Dual Magnum cauliflower topical 14. Dual Magnum kale topical 15. Dual Magnum watermelon RM 16. Dual Magnum cantaloupe RM 17. Dual Mag. carrot topical 18. Dual Mag. sweet potato 19. Dual Mag. tomato topical 20. Dual Mag. snap bean topical 21. Dual Mag. lima bean topical 22. Dual Mag. southern pea topical 23. Dual Mag. squash topical 24. Caparol in Okra 25. Sandea in Okra 26. Reflex tomato preplant 27. Reflex pepper preplant 28. Reflex in Watermelon 29. Reflex in Squash 30. Reflex in Pumpkin 31. Treflan – Intercropping 32. Dual Magnum - pumpkin

49. We’re from the government, we’re here to help! Learn More About IR-4: http://ir4.rutgers.edu/