Air Pollution

1. Air Pollution

2. AIR POLLUTION PRESENCE OF ANY SUBSTANCES, SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS IN THE ATMOSHPHERE IN SUCH A CONCENTRATION,THAT MAY OR MAY NOT TENDS TO INJURIOUS TO HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROPERTIES OR THE ATMOSHPERE ITSELF, IS REFFERED TO AS AIR POLLUTION AND AND THE SUBSTANCE AIR AS AIR POLLUTANTS.

3. CLEAN ATM + EXTERNAL ADDITION =EFFECTS

4. Human Health Effects • Exposure to air pollution is associated with numerous effects on human health, including pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and neurological impairments. • The health effects vary greatly from person to person. High-risk groups such as the elderly, infants, pregnant women, and sufferers from chronic heart and lung diseases are more susceptible to air pollution. • Children are at greater risk because they are generally more active outdoors and their lungs are still developing.

5. Conti….. • Exposure to air pollution can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) health effects. • Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include eye irritation, headaches, and nausea. • Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. • Some chronic health effects include decreased lung capacity and lung cancer resulting from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants.

6. Effects on Human respiratory system • Both gaseous and particulate air pollutants can have negative effects on the lungs. • Solid particles can settle on the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. • Continuous breathing of polluted air can slow the normal cleansing action of the lungs and result in more particles reaching the lower portions of the lung. • Damage to the lungs from air pollution can inhibit this process and contribute to the occurrence of respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer.

9. Table-2: Sources, Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetables

10. PEOPLE PERSONAL EXPOSURE AMBIENT LEVELS SMOKERS NON SMOKERS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS OTHER CHILDREN COMMUTER CONTROL HOMES LOCATIONS CITY SCHOOLS BACKGROUND PERSONAL PUBLIC WALK OR CAR OFFICES TRANSPORT CYCLING AND SHOPS HOT SPOTS BUS BARS TRAM METRO Support from citizens Support from local authorities

11. HAPS[http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/orig189.html] • CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 DIRECTED EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] TO ESTABLISH EMISSION CONTROLS FOR 189 CHEMICALS LISTED IN THE ACT. • ACT NOT BASED ON HEALTH CRITERIA BUT BASED ON MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY[MACT]

12. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 List of Hazardous Air Pollutants

13. What are toxic air pollutants? [http://www.epa.gov/air/toxicair/newtoxics.html] • Toxic air pollutants, also known as hazardous air pollutants, are those pollutants that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or adverse environmental effects. EPA is working with state, local, and tribal governments to reduce air toxics releases of 187 pollutants to the environment. Examples of toxic air pollutants include benzene, which is found in gasoline; perchloroethylene, which is emitted from some dry cleaning facilities; and methylene chloride, which is used as a solvent and paint stripper by a number of industries. Examples of other listed air toxics include dioxin, asbestos, toluene, and metals such as cadmium, mercury, chromium, and lead compounds.

14. What are the health and environmental effects of toxic air pollutants? • People exposed to toxic air pollutants at sufficient concentrations and durations may have an increased chance of getting cancer or experiencing other serious health effects. These health effects can include damage to the immune system, as well as neurological, reproductive (e.g., reduced fertility), developmental, respiratory and other health problems. In addition to exposure from breathing air toxics, some toxic air pollutants such as mercury can deposit onto soils or surface waters, where they are taken up by plants and ingested by animals and are eventually magnified up through the food chain. Like humans, animals may experience health problems if exposed to sufficient quantities of air toxics over time. 

15. Where do toxic air pollutants come from? • Most air toxics originate from human-made sources, including mobile sources (e.g., cars, trucks, buses) and stationary sources (e.g., factories, refineries, power plants), as well as indoor sources (e.g., some building materials and cleaning solvents). Some air toxics are also released from natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires.

16. How are people exposed to air toxics? • People are exposed to toxic air pollutants in many ways that can pose health risks, such as by: • Breathing contaminated air. • Eating contaminated food products, such as fish from contaminated waters; meat, milk, or eggs from animals that fed on contaminated plants; and fruits and vegetables grown in contaminated soil on which air toxics have been deposited. • Drinking water contaminated by toxic air pollutants. • Ingesting contaminated soil. Young children are especially vulnerable because they often ingest soil from their hands or from objects they place in their mouths. • Touching (making skin contact with) contaminated soil, dust, or water (for example, during recreational use of contaminated water bodies). • Once toxic air pollutants enter the body, some persistent toxic air pollutants accumulate in body tissues. Predators typically accumulate even greater pollutant concentrations than their contaminated prey. As a result, people and other animals at the top of the food chain who eat contaminated fish or meat are exposed to concentrations that are much higher than the concentrations in the water, air, or soil.

17. TYPES OF POLLUTANTS? • PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS : those emitted directly from identifiable sources. • CO,CO2,SO2,NO,NO2, Most Hydrocarbons, most suspended particles or suspended particulate matter. • SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS: When primary pollutants interact with one another, sunlight or natural gases to produce new, harmful compounds • SO3,HNO3,H2SO4,H2O2,O3 etc.

18. Primary Air Pollutants • Five major materials released directly into the atmosphere in unmodified forms. • Carbon monoxide • Sulfur dioxide • Nitrogen oxides • Hydrocarbons • Particulate matter

19. Carbon Monoxide • Produced by burning of organic material (coal, gas, wood, trash, etc.) • Automobiles biggest source (80%) • Cigarette smoke another major source • Toxic because binds to hemoglobin, reduces oxygen in blood • Not a persistent pollutant, combines with oxygen to form CO2 • Most communities now meet EPA standards, but rush hour traffic can produce high CO levels

20. Sulfur Dioxide • Produced by burning sulfur containing fossil fuels (coal, oil) • Coal-burning power plants major source • Reacts in atmosphere to produce acids • One of the major components of acid rain • When inhaled, can be very corrosive to lung tissue • London • 1306 banned burning of sea coal • 1952 “killer fog”: 4,000 people died in 4 weeks • tied to sulfur compounds in smog

21. Nitrogen Oxides • Produced from burning of fossil fuels • Contributes to acid rain, smog • Automobile engine main source • New engine technology has helped reduce, but many more cars

22. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons - organic compounds with hydrogen, carbon • From incomplete burning or evaporated from fuel supplies • Major source is automobiles, but some from industry • Contribute to smog • Improvements in engine design have helped reduce

23. Particulates • Particulates - small pieces of solid materials and liquid droplets (2.5 mm and 10 mm) • Examples: ash from fires, asbestos from brakes and insulation, dust • Easily noticed: e.g. smokestacks • Can accumulate in lungs and interfere with the ability of lungs to exchange gases. • Some particulates are known carcinogens • Those working in dusty conditions at highest risk (e.g., miners)

24. Secondary Pollutants • Ozone • PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) • Photochemical smog • Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)

25. Ozone • Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas composed of three oxygen atoms. • It is both a natural and a man-made product that occurs in the Earth's upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) and lower atmosphere (the troposphere). • Tropospheric ozone – what we breathe -- is formed primarily from photochemical reactions between two major classes of air pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX).

26. PAN Smog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons and oxidants under the influence of sunlight giving rise to dangerous peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).

27. Photochemical smog • Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons, etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide. It causes painful eyes.

28. Aerosols and mists (H2SO4) • Aerosols and mists are very fine liquid droplets that cannot be effectively removed using traditional packed scrubbers.  These droplets can be formed from gas phase hydrolysis of halogenated acids (HCl, HF, HBr), metal halides, organohalides, sulfur trioxide (SO3), and phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5). 

29. POLLUTANT STANDARD INDEX[ PSI OR AQI] The Pollutant Standards Index, or PSI, is a type of air quality index, which is a number used to provide the public with an easily understandable indicator of how polluted the air is. The pollutant standards Index is a uniform method recommended to classify and report urban air quantity. Five criteria pollutants are judged for the amount and adverse effects on human health. Initially, PSI was based on five air pollutants, but since 1 April 2014, it has included fine particulate matter (PM2.5). On that basis the air quality evaluated is designated as presenting “hazardous conditions” if the PSI is greater than 300, “very unhealthful conditions” if the PSI is between 201 and 300; “Unhealthy conditions” if PSI is between 101 and 200; “moderate conditions” if PSI is between is 51 to 100; “good conditions” if PSI is between is 0 to 50. The PSI for one day rises above 100;that is, to the ‘alert’ level or higher ,when any one of the five criteria pollutants reaches a level that may be judged to have adverse effects on human health.

30. http://app2.nea.gov.sg/anti-pollution-radiation-protection/air-pollution-control/psi/psihttp://app2.nea.gov.sg/anti-pollution-radiation-protection/air-pollution-control/psi/psi

31. Ambient Air Quality standards & Limits

32. Air Pollution Monitoring [http://www.epa.gov/airquality/montring.html] The basic mission of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards is to preserve and improve the quality of our nation's air. To accomplish this, OAQPS must be able to evaluate the status of the atmosphere as compared to clean air standards and historical information.

33. Air Quality Standards OAQPS manages EPA programs to improve air quality in areas where the current quality is unacceptable and to prevent deterioration in areas where the air is relatively free of contamination. To accomplish this task, OAQPS establishes the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for each of the criteria pollutants. There are two types of standards -- primary and secondary. Primary standards protect against adverse health effects; secondary standards protect against welfare effects, such as damage to farm crops and vegetation and damage to buildings.

34. AS PER EPAhttp://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html

35. CONTINUE….

36. National Ambient Air Qu ality Standards POLLUTANTS AVERAGE TIME CONCENTRATION 3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Annual average 60 µg/m 3 24 hour 80 µg/m Oxides of Nitrogen 3 A.A 60 µg /m (NO2) 3 24H 80 µg /m Suspended Particulate 3 A.A 140 µg/m Matter ( SPM) 3 24H 200 µg/m 3 Lead A.A 0.75 µg/m 3 24H 1.0 µg/m 3 Carbon Monoxide A.A 2.0 µg/m 3 24H 4.0 µg/m Respirable Particulate 3 A.A 60 µg/m Matter (RPM) 3 24H 100 µg/m Central Pollution Control Board 2006

37. National Ambient Air Quality Standards[2009] (http://cpcb.nic.in/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards.php)

38. NAAQS by USEPA 2006 (1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year. (2) Due to a lack of evidence linking health problems to long-term exposure to coarse particle pollution, the agency revoked the annual PM10 standard in 2006 (effective December 17, 2006). (3) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years. (4) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3. (5) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35 µg/m3 (effective December 17, 2006). (6) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm. (7) (a) The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1, as determined by appendix H. (b) As of June 15, 2005 EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas except the fourteen 8-hour ozone nonattainment Early Action Compact (EAC) Areas.

39. WHO Air Quality Guidelines Value Source: WHO, 2005. WHO air quality guidelines global update 2005, WHOLIS number E87950.

40. Ambient Air Pollution Monitoring

41. Introduction • Most frequently occurring pollutants in an urban environment are particulate matters (suspended particulate matter i.e. SPM and respirable suspended particulate matter i.e. RSPM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and photochemical oxidants.

42. Monitoring of Air pollutants Source monitoring instruments Stack sampler (APM 620): Parameters monitored are a. Pollutants b. Velocity (Isokinetic) c. Temperature d. Pressure Source Ambient As per WHO ambient monitoring protocol SOx Essential NOx SPM HC CO Additional O3 Point SOX NOX CO PM Line CO NOx HC RPM

43. The recommended criteria for siting the monitoring stations • The site is dependent upon the use/purpose of the results of the monitoring programs. • The monitoring should be carried out with a purpose of compliance of air quality standards. • Monitoring must be able to evaluate impacts of new/existing air pollution sources. • Monitoring must be able to evaluate impacts of hazards due to accidental release of chemicals. • Monitoring data may be used for research purpose.

44. Type of ambient monitoring stations

45. Frequency of data collection • Gaseous pollutants: continuous monitoring • Particulates: once every three days

46. Number of stations • Minimum number is three. • The location is dependent upon the wind rose diagram that gives predominant wind directions and speed. • One station must be at upstream of predominant wind direction and other two must at downstream pre dominant wind direction. • More than three stations can also be established depending upon the area of coverage.

47. Components of ambient air sampling systems • Four main components are: • Inlet manifold • Air mover • collection medium • flow measurement device Inlet manifold transports sampled pollutants from ambient air to collection medium or analytical device in an unaltered condition. The manifold should not be very long. Air mover provides force to create vacuum or lower pressure at the end of sampling systems. They are pumps. The collection mediums are liquid or solid sorbent or dissolving gases or filters or chamber for air analysis (automatic instruments). The flow device like rotameters measure the volume of air sampled.

48. Characteristics for ambient air sampling systems • Five important characteristics are: • collection efficiency • sample stability • recovery • minimal interference • understanding the mechanism of collection The first three must be 100% efficient. For e.g. for SO2, the sorbent should be such that at ambient temperature it may remove the SO2 from ambient atmosphere 100%. Sample must be stabled during the time between sampling and analysis. Recovery i.e. the analysis of particular pollutant must be 100% correct.

49. Basic considerations for sampling • Sample must be representative in terms of time, location, and conditions to be studied. • Sample must be large enough for accurate analysis. • The sampling rate must be such as to provide maximum efficiency of collection. • Duration of sampling must accurately reflect the fluctuations in pollution levels i.e. whether 1-hourly, 4-hourly, 6-hourly, 8-hourly, 24-hourly sampling. • Continuous sampling is preferred. • Pollutants must not be altered or modified during collection.