18.2 Critical Thinking

1. 18.2 Critical Thinking • 1. Why were Americans worried about the security of the US? Soviet control of Eastern Europe & Communist takeover of China created fear that Communism would spread. 100,000 Americans were members of the Communist Party in the US. • 2. What was the purpose of the Loyalty Review Board? Investigate gov’t employees who may be communist and dismiss them if they were found to be disloyal to the US. • 3. What did the House Un-American Activities Committee do? Investigated possible commies in the US gov’t and civilians. Targeted Hollywood • 4. Who were the Hollywood Ten? Ten witness who refused to testify about commies in Hollywood because they felt the hearings were unconstitutional and were sent to prison. • 5. Why was State Department official Alger Hiss investigated? He was suspected of spying for the SU, claimed he was set up but was later found to be actually spying.

2. 18.2 Critical Thinking • 1. How does the hydrogen bomb differ from the atomic bomb? It was 67 times more powerful • 2. What was the policy of brinkmanship? Going to the edge of all-out war. US & SU focused on air power and building nuclear weapons • 3. What covert actions did the US undertake in the Middle East and Latin America? Mossadegh nationalized oil and US feared he would turn to Soviet support so they helped anti-Mossadegh groups overthrow him. Guatemala gave American owned land to peasants. US felt they were commies for doing this and invaded, putting the military in power • 4. What was the Warsaw Pact? Reaction to NATO, alliance of SU with 7 Easter European nations • 5. What happened at the Geneva Summit? US proposed to allow US and SU to fly over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. SU rejected it, but the summit was considered a step towards peace

3. 18.2 Critical Thinking • 6. How did conflict over the Suez Canal start a war in the Middle East? Nasser nationalized Suez Canal and did not allow Israeli ships to pass through. Israel, France, & Britain sent troops in to force open the Canal. UN stepped in and stopped the fighting. • 7. What was the Eisenhower Doctrine? As a reaction to the growing presence of the SU in the Middle East, the US would defend the Middle East against any communist attack. • 8. What happened during the Hungarian uprising? Nagy formed a new gov’t, promised free elections, and demanded that all SU troops leave Hungary. SU sent in tanks, killed 30,000 ppl and replaced Nagy w/ commie leaders • 9. How did the Soviet launch of Sputnik affect the US? Shocked and scared US; began working on their own satellite • 10. How did the U-2 flight of Francis Gary Powers influence US-Soviet relations? Khrushchev called off a summit to discuss the nuclear arms race because US refused to apologize and halt U-2 flights; created more tension between US and SU

4. Two Nations Live on the Edge • Work with your partner to describe how & why the US reacted to the following events: • SU exploded its 1st atomic bomb in 1949 • 1951, Mossadegh nationalized Iranian oil industry • Guatemalan head of gov’t gave American-owned land to peasants • 1956, BRIT, FR, & Israel invaded Egypt and occupied Suez Canal • 1956, Soviet tanks invaded Hungary & fired on protesters • 1957, SU launched Sputnik • 1960, SU shot down U-2 plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers • On your page, draw a line going down. Make the left side about 1/3 of the page. • Draw 6 lines across the page making 7 boxes on each side. • Title the top of the left side “Events” • Title the top of the right side “US Reaction” • Fill in the boxes in chronological order

5. Two Nations Live on the Edge • SU exploded its 1st atomic bomb in 1949 Fear and horror b/c SU development of bomb took away US advantage in weaponry. Decided to develop H-Bomb before SU did in order to regain military superiorty • 1951, Mossadegh nationalized Iranian oil industry Used covert CIA action to topple Iranian gov’t in order to establish a gov’t more favorable to Western interests • Guatemalan head of gov’t gave American-owned land to peasants Used covert CIA action to topple Guatemalan gov’t in order to establish a gov’t more favorable to Western interests

6. Two Nations Live on the Edge • 1956, BRIT, FR, & Israel invaded Egypt and occupied Suez Canal Shocked b/c situation did not seem to call for aggression; asked to end the crisis by asking UN to order a cease-fire and withdrawal of troops • 1956, Soviet tanks invaded Hungary & fired on protesters Protested the invasion but could do little to help • 1957, SU launched Sputnik Shocked b/c it made Americans feel vulnerable to nuke attack and inferior to SU science and technology; to regain superiority, US worked to improve education & develop satellites & better weapons-delivery systems • 1960, SU shot down U-2 plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers 1st lied about it to keep spying activities secret but later publicly admitted guilt to save the upcoming summit conference on the arms race

7. Cold War Political Cartoon • Choose one of the events from the group work activity • Create a political cartoon illustrating the event and US reaction • Make sure to use • Symbolism • Exaggeration • Labeling • Analogy • Irony • Make sure your illustration is a political cartoon, not a “scene”