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DAPHN I A

DAPHN I A. COPEPOD. Phylum: Arthropoda Subclasis: Branchiopoda Classis: Crustacea Ordo: Cladocera. Familia: Daphniidae Genus: Daphnia Species: Daphnia magna D. pulex D. longispina D. smilis D. laevis D. rosea D. galeata. Familia: Moinidae Genus: Moina

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DAPHN I A

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  1. DAPHNIA COPEPOD

  2. Phylum: Arthropoda Subclasis: Branchiopoda Classis: Crustacea Ordo: Cladocera Familia: Daphniidae Genus: Daphnia Species:Daphnia magna D. pulex D. longispina D. smilis D. laevis D. rosea D. galeata Familia: Moinidae Genus: Moina Species: Moina micrura

  3. *Daphniais a frequently used food source in the freshwater larviculture and in the ornamental fish industry *Species of the genus Daphnia are found from the tropics tothe arctic, in habitats varying in size from small ponds to large freshwater lakes. At present50 species of Daphnia are reported worldwide

  4. *The carapace encloses the whole trunk, except the head and the apical spine. *The trunk appendages (five or six pairs) are flattened, leaf-like structuresthat serve for suspension feeding (filter feeders) and for locomotion. *The anterior part of the trunk, the postabdomen is turned ventrally and forward and bears special claws and spinesto clean the carapace.

  5. Cladocerans, like rotifers, reproduce by parthenogenesis only when the environmental is favorable, and multiply in a short period of time *Normally there are 4 to 6 Instar stages; Daphnia growing from nauplius to maturation througha series of 4-5 molts, with the period depending primarily on temperature and the availability of food.

  6. Tank culture; Prefering hard water, -250 mg/l CO32- -390 mg/l Potassium -30-240 µg/l Magnesium -pH 7-8 -Optimal temperature 25°C -Dissolved oxygen 3-5 mg/l -Amonium 0.2 mg/l -Food concentration 105-106 cell/ml 107-109 cell/ml (bigger size) The initial density is generally in the order of 20 to 100 Daphnia per liter

  7. Detrital system This rearing system is a culture medium made up of a mixture of soil, manure and water. The manure acts as a fertilizer to promote algal blooms on which the daphnids feed. *fresh hoarse manure (200 g) *sandy loam or garden soil (1 kg) 10 l pond water Autotrophic system Green water cultures (105 to 106 cells.ml-1) obtained from fish pond effluents are frequently used. Best control over the culture medium isobtained when using pure algal cultures.

  8. Phylum: Arthropoda Classis: Crustacea Ordo: Calanoida Harpacticoida Cyclopoida

  9. Free-living copepods are the most commonlyused in aquaculture. Nutritional profile of copepods appear to match better the nutritional requirements of marine fish larvae *Copepods may have a higher nutritional value than Artemia and Rotifer *Survival and growth rate of marine larvae increase *Pigmentation of larvae improve *Deformation of larvae decrease *Some species keep the walls of the fish larval rearing tanks clean by grazing on the algae and debris ***Unfortunately, production cost is more expensive than artemia and rotifer

  10. IT CAN BE USED TWO METHODS IN COPEPOD PRODUCTION 1) Production of wild species 2) Intensive production – Harvested from natural systems – Pond production (fertilized ponds) Advantages of Harvested copepods * Better growth of larvae * Survival rate of larvae is good * Less deformities * Intensively cultivated than rotifers and artemia Disadvantages of Harvested copepods * Available time is short (spring) *Production depends on weather conditions * Presents a risk of disease (Parasites, Bacteria and virus) * Sensitive for handling and storage

  11. 2) Intensive production Methods for producing copepods intensively has been ongoing since early 1990 Advantages *Disinfection of eggs *The eggs can be stored several months *Predictable nutrition content *Predictable hatching efficiency *Definite amount of eggs can be hatched daily *Easy production than rotifers and artemia *Better growth, survival and stress tolerance in juveniles Disadvantages *Low density of copepods in production tanks *Sometimes egg production is limited

  12. References -Conceiçao, L. E., Yufera, M., Makridis, P., Morais, S., Dinis, M.T. 2010. Live Feeds For Early Stages of Fish Rearing. Aquaculrure Research, 41, 613-640. -Lavens, P., Sorgeloos, P. 1996. Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 361. -Park, S., Brett, M.T., Oshel, E.T., Goldman C.R. 2003. Seston food quality and Daphnia production efficiencies in an oligo-mesotrophic Subalpine Lake. Aquatic Ecology37: 123–136, -Støttrup JG (2003) Production and nutritional value of copepods. In: Live feeds in marine aquaculture (ed. by Støttrup JG, McEvoy L). Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 168-194 -Støttrup, J.G. 2006. A Review on the Status and Progress in Rearing Copepods for Marine Larviculture. Advantages and Disadvantages. Among Calanoid, Harpacticoid and Cyclopoid Copepods. En: Editores: L. Elizabeth Cruz Suárez, Denis Ricque Marie, Mireya Tapia Salazar, Martha G. Nieto López, David A. Villarreal Cavazos, Ana C. Puello Cruz y Armando Garcia Ortega. Avances en Nutrición Acuicola. 15-17 Noviembre. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. -Tsugeki, N.K., Urabe, J. 2014. An experimental test of the ability of Daphnia galeata resting egg production in lake Biwa. J. Limnol., 73:1, 6-11.

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