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Traceability

Traceability James D. Palmer Presented by: Megan Heffernan Agenda What is traceability? Why is traceability important? How is traceability performed? What tools perform traceability? What is the future of traceability? Introduction What makes a software project successful?

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Traceability

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  1. Traceability James D. Palmer Presented by: Megan Heffernan

  2. Agenda • What is traceability? • Why is traceability important? • How is traceability performed? • What tools perform traceability? • What is the future of traceability?

  3. Introduction • What makes a software project successful? • Meets stakeholder requirements • How can this be encouraged? • Traceability • Traceability in a nutshell • Shows forward and backward relationships linking requirements with design, implementation, test, and maintenance • Know reasoning for everything and how to test

  4. Why is Traceability Important? • Ensures that requirements are met • Understand relationship between requirements and the delivered system • Lowers risk • Creates an audit trail • Consistency • Control • Change • Development • Risk

  5. Problems with Traceability • Manual process • Viewed by developers as a low priority • Misunderstood • No single modeling method • Poor documentation

  6. When Does Traceability Occur? • Entire lifecycle!

  7. How is Tracing Performed? • Client gives developers rough requirements • Developers create system, hardware, and software requirements • Each element is given a unique identifier • Element – requirement, design attribute, test, etc • Linkages done manually and managed by a CASE tool • Traceability tables are made • Matrix

  8. Traceability Example • SRD – System Requirements Document • High level requirements • Done by stakeholders • SS – System Specification • More detailed requirements • Developer interpretation • Segments • More detailed portions of the SS • Includes design information

  9. Traceability Example System Requirements Document System Specification Interface Control Document Segment 2 Segment 1 Segment 3

  10. Traceability Example Traceability Matrix

  11. Traceability Management • Requirements are added/deleted/modified • Impact analysis • Trace changed • Continues through maintenance

  12. Traceability in a Perfect World • Steps • Identification of requirements • Architecture selection • Classification schema • Functions, Performance and Security • Translate into views • Allocation into schemas • Flow-down to design, code, and test • Entry into traceability database • Linkages • Management

  13. Traceability in the Real World • Labor Intensive • Classification schemas are frequently changed as requirements are allocated • Ensure that semantics and syntax are correct

  14. Semantics and Syntax • Semantics required to assure that a trace is used in context • Syntax required to assure that a trace goes to a specific word or phrase • Manual verification of outcomes

  15. Real World Traceability Workflow • Receipt of requirements documents • Select architecture form to be followed • Select classification schema • Parse document and assign unique numbers • Allocate according to classification scheme • Establish linkages across all requirements • Generate traceability matrices • Maintain traceability linkages in database • Maintain traceability links across entire project

  16. Return on Investment • Very difficult to measure • Many factors • Costs • Time • CASE Tools • Training • Benefits • ??? • Only an estimation • What rework was avoided?

  17. Tools • CASE Tools • Characteristics • Hypertext linking • Unique identifiers • Syntactical similarity coefficients • Problems • Hypertext linking and syntactical similarity does not consider context • Unique identifiers do not show requirement information • Choosing architecture view and classification schemas will always be manual

  18. Tools • DOORS • Telelogic • “capture, link, trace, and manage” • For large applications • From the datasheet • Similar look and feel to explorer • Gap analysis for unaddressed requirements • Traceability analysis for identifying areas of risk • Impact analysis reports • Volatility • Traceability by drag and drop

  19. DOORS

  20. DOORS

  21. Tools • Caliber-RM • Borland • From the datasheet • Centralized repository • Requirements traceability across the lifecycle • Impact analysis

  22. CaliberRM

  23. CaliberRM

  24. Future Predictions • Automation of allocation into architectures and classification schemas • Little additional automation seen in current tools • AIRES (Automated Integrated Requirements Engineering System) • Center for Software Systems Engineering at George Mason University • Relies heavily of semantics and syntax

  25. Pros/Cons • Pros • Clearly reflected traceability importance and need • Practical workflow • Cons • Examples did not reflect lifecycle • Little practicality with tools

  26. Agenda Revisited • What is traceability? • Why is traceability important? • How is traceability performed? • What tools perform traceability? • What is the future of traceability?

  27. Questions?

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