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Photosynthesis: The Process of Energy Conversion and Sugar Production

Explore the key concepts of photosynthesis, including the chemical reactions involved, the role of chloroplasts and chlorophyll, and the production of ATP and glucose. Discover how sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are utilized in this crucial process.

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Photosynthesis: The Process of Energy Conversion and Sugar Production

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  1. KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

  2. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  3. The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy. • The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

  4. Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons enter electron transport chain • water molecules are split • oxygen is released as waste • hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane

  5. Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons are used to make NADPH • NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions • hydrogen ions are transported through the ATP synthase helping ADP to bind to p creating ATP.

  6. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. • hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane • ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

  7. The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars. • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

  8. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. • carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle and is added to a five carbon molecule. • energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged • a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle

  9. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. • two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar • remaining molecules stay in the cycle

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