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Crime and Incarceration

Crime and Incarceration. ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons. Questions for Today. How much crime is there? What are the trends in incarceration? What are the social impacts of incarceration?. 1. How Much Crime?. Different types of crime Property Violent The number of occurrences

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Crime and Incarceration

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  1. Crime and Incarceration ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons

  2. Questions for Today • How much crime is there? • What are the trends in incarceration? • What are the social impacts of incarceration?

  3. 1. How Much Crime? • Different types of crime • Property • Violent • The number of occurrences • The % of the population that are victims

  4. The Big Picture • 2005: approximately 23 million crimes in the U.S. 20% 80% Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005

  5. Property Crimes • Motor vehicle theft • Burglary • Theft

  6. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005

  7. What Cars are Stolen Most Often?

  8. Property crime • # of crimes = 46.5 million • % victims in pop.= 15% Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005

  9. Violent crimes • Simple & aggravated assault • Robbery • Rape • Homicide

  10. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005

  11. Violent crime • # of crimes = 6.3 million • % victims in pop.= 3% Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005

  12. 2. Trends in Incarceration • Incarceration around the world • Current trends and their causes in the U.S. • Impacts on specific groups

  13. Incarceration Around the World 874,171 1,548,498 http://www.prisonstudies.org

  14. 2,193,798

  15. Incarceration Rate (per 100,000 population) http://www.prisonstudies.org

  16. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  17. Causes of Prison Growth • Pre 1970s: Indeterminate Sentencing • 1970s – today: Tough on Crime • Politicization of crime • Growing conservative climate • American individualism Mauer, 2001

  18. Determinant Sentencing • Moves us from an offender-based to an offense-based system • 88% of  in incarceration from 1980-1996 is due to changes in punishment • 51% results from  in the number of people doing time • 37% results from  in term length Mauer, 2001

  19. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  20. Did Prison Growth Cause the Crime Drop? • Ways an  in incarceration could lead to a  in crime • Rehabilitation: fixing criminals • Incapacitation: stopping current criminals • Deterrence: stopping future criminals • 1993-2001: incarceration  the crime rate 2-5% Western, 2006

  21. Impact on Specific Groups • Immigrants • Gender • Race • Social class

  22. Immigrants & Crime • Longstanding public fear of immigrant crime • 1st generations do not commit many crimes • 2nd and 3rd generations commit more Martinez & Valenzuela, 2006

  23. Gender and Incarceration Bureau of Justice Statistics

  24. Race & Incarceration

  25. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  26. Social Class & Incarceration

  27. Tying the Trends Together • Mass imprisonment: • “A rate of imprisonment and a size of prison population that is markedly above the historical and comparative norm for societies of this type.” (1) • “Social concentration of imprisonment’s effects.” (1) Garland, 2006

  28. Why are things Unequal? • Racial bias in the following institutions • Police: racial profiling • Courts: unequal representation • Laws: powder vs. crack cocaine • A double standard exists for the upper vs. lower classes • Creates legitimacy issues Cole, 2001

  29. 3. What are the Social Impacts? • Stereotypes • Police interactions • Job opportunities

  30. Stereotype: a conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image that a person applies to both a group and each individual within it • Black men are stereotyped as criminals • Whites are stereotyped as law abiding citizens

  31. Interactions with the Police • Black men are often wary of interactions with the police • Worried about being innocent but getting into trouble • Demeanor with police • Convictions create records that follow throughout your life Anderson, 1990

  32. Job Opportunities Pager, 2003

  33. Questions for Today • How much crime is there? • What are the trends in incarceration? • What are the social impacts of incarceration?

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