Chapter 1 What is Behavior Modification?

1. Chapter 1What is Behavior Modification?

2. Behavior • simple action • can be overt (observable) • can be covert (not directly observable) • covert behavior must be inferred from overt responses

3. What is Not Behavior? • interpretive descriptions of a personality trait • diagnostic labels • outcome of behavior

4. Origins of Behavior • learning: some behavior develops as result of experience • hereditary factors: some behavioral responses are based on inherited characteristics

5. Learning • learning is a permanent change in behavior that results from experience • learning processes include: • respondent conditioning • operant conditioning • modeling • cognitive processes

6. Respondent Conditioning

7. Operant Conditioning • antecedent, behavior, and consequence define behavioral situations • antecedents set the occasion for the behavior • behavior is what organisms do • consequence influence the future occurrence of the behavior

8. Operant Conditioning (continued) • the three-term contingency is the relationship among antecedent, behavior, and consequence • operant and respondent conditioning often have concurrent influence on a single behavior

9. Concurrent Influence of Operant and Respondent Conditioning

10. Modeling • modeling is learning through observation of others • also called social, observational, vicarious, and imitative learning • Bandura showed modeling influenced aggression • modeling influenced by observation of consequences

11. Modeling (continued) • modeling can: • initiate behavior • teach new task • influence response rate • teach emotional responses

12. Cognitive Processes • cognition is thought • thought can be considered a covert antecedent • self-efficacy appears to be positively correlated with the likelihood of success

13. Behavior Modification • focuses on behavior • emphasizes influences of learning and the environment • takes a scientific approach • uses pragmatic and active methods to change behavior

14. Focus on Behavior • avoid interpretive labels and diagnostic systems • focus on behavioral deficits or behavioral excess

15. Learning and the Environment • behavior changes as a result of learning • changing antecedents and consequences can lead to behavior change • learning approach may be limited by physiological and cultural influences

16. Scientific Orientation • use empirically validated therapy techniques • therapy outcomes evaluated objectively

17. Pragmatic and Active Methods to Change Behavior • therapy techniques selected based on effectiveness • some methods based on operant conditioning, respondent conditioning, and modeling research and theory • cognitive methods are based on our understanding of how our thoughts lead to actions

18. Pragmatic and Active Methods to Change Behavior (continued) • participants take a more active role in therapy

19. Early Theory and Research • John Locke (tabula rasa) • Pavlov (respondent conditioning) • Thorndike • John Watson (father of behaviorism) • Watson and Rayner (Little Albert) • Mary Cover Jones (Peter)

20. Emergence and Growth of Behavior Modification • 1950s: behavior modification gains acceptance • 1960s: the establishment of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis • 1970s: behavior modification expands to include cognition

21. Effective Applications of Behavior Modification • parenting and parent/child relationships • oppositional behavior • bed-wetting • education • programmed instruction • PSI • peer tutoring • classroom conduct

22. Effective Applications of Behavior Modification (continued) • health and sports • health risks • compliance with treatments • enhanced athletic performance • employment settings • increase productivity • reduce losses • improve safety

23. Effective Applications of Behavior Modification (continued) • self-management • learn behavioral techniques to control own behavior