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BAKTERIOLOGI

BAKTERIOLOGI. Bacteriophages Oleh: Rohana Udur H 10406019. Introduction. Bakteriophag: Virus yang menyerang bakteri Ditemukan oleh Twort dan d'Herelle thn 1915 &1917. Paling umum: T-phaga dan lambda phaga Bakteri paling banyak diserang : E.coli.

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BAKTERIOLOGI

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  1. BAKTERIOLOGI Bacteriophages Oleh: Rohana Udur H 10406019

  2. Introduction Bakteriophag: Virus yang menyerang bakteri Ditemukan oleh Twort dan d'Herelle thn 1915 &1917. Paling umum: T-phaga dan lambda phaga Bakteri paling banyak diserang : E.coli

  3. Di tahun 1915, Frederick Twort, yang sedang melakukan isolasi bakteri menemukan suatu fenomena dimana terdapat suatu mikroorganisme lain yang dapat merusak kultur bakteri dan memproduksi antibakterial dengan ditunjukkan adanya daerah bening pada agar bakteri

  4. Tahun 1917, Felix d’Herelle, seorang mikrobiologis berkebangsaan Perancis yang bekerja di Pasteur Institute, Paris juga melaporkan terjadinya fenomena yang sama. D'Herelle menyebut mikroorganisme ini virus bacteriophage atau bacteria-eater (berasal dari bahasa Yunani phago artinya to eat).

  5. Mekanisme infeksi Lytic infection Lisogenic/temperate infection

  6. Lytic infection T-phaga (T1-T7)phaga litik Lisis dan kematian sel inang (E.coli) komponen: Materi genetikdsDNA Kapsid/protein coat Ekor meliputi: core, a tail sheath, base plate, tail pin, tail fibers

  7. Left. Electron Micrograph of bacteriophage T4. Right. Model of phage T4. The phage possesses a genome of linear ds DNA contained within an icosahedral head. The tail consists of a hollow core through which the DNA is injected into the host cell. The tail fibers are involved with recognition of specific viral "receptors" on the bacterial cell surface.

  8. The lytic cycle of a bacterial virus, e.g. bacteriophage T4.

  9. 1.adsorbsi The phage particle undergoes a chance collision at a chemically complementary site on the bacterial surface, then adheres to that site by means of its tail fibers.

  10. 2. penetrasi Adsorption, penetration and injection of bacteriophage T4 DNA into an E. coli cell. T4 attaches to an outer membrane porin protein, ompC. Injeksi DNA phaga ke dalam sel bakteri. Selubung ekor berkontraksi dan core bergerak dari dinding sel ke membran Proses: mekanik dan enzimatik

  11. 3. synthesis of early proteins Transkripsi dan translasi DNA phaga proteinreplikasi DNA phaga Protein : - enzyme repair:memeperbaiki lubang pada sel bakteri - enzim DNAse: mendegradasi DNA inang prekursor DNA phaga - DNA polimerase spesifik virus: mengkopi dan mereplikasi DNA phaga Hasil: beberapa copi DNA phaga

  12. 4. synthesis of late proteins late proteinsprotein strutural untuk membuat kapsomer dan berbagai komponen ekor Cth:Lysozyme dalam ekorsebagai jalan keluar dari sel inang pada proses akhir replikasi

  13. 5. Assembly process Penyusunan properti virus: - kapsomer ke dalam heads and "reel in” copi DNA phaga Ekor dan aksesorisnya disusun dan mengisi sedikit lisozim pada plat ekor Menyusun jalan keluar dari sel inang selama proses assembly

  14. 6. Proses pelisisan/ release Lisozim (late protein)jalan keluar dari sel inang melisiskan sel inang dan melepaskan virus baru Siklus T-phaga: 25-35 menit

  15. II. Infeksi lisogenik Bacteriophage Lambda, the lysogenic phage that infects E. coli. Bock laboratories. University of Wisconsin-Madison.

  16. Siklus infeksi

  17. Adsorbsi Penetrasi Integrasi DNA phaga dengan kromosom bakteriprophaga Semua gen phaga ditekan kecuali gen pengkode molekul repressor tidak dapat membentuk early dan late protein Transkripsi Translasi Replikasi Proses assembly Virus baru NB: semua tahap hampir sama dengan infeksi litik kecuali saat integrasi dengan kromosom inang.

  18. Beda siklus litik dan lisogenik setelah penetrasi, DNA virus terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteri (prophaga) dan tereplikasi setiap saat sel berduplikasi Seringkali tidak membunuh sel inang

  19. Lysogenic Vs lysogenic conversion Konversi lisogenikBila prophaga menyediakan informasi genetik, bakteri lisogenik menunjukkan karakteristik baru, tetapi tidak ditunjukkan oleh sel nonlisogenik. Lysogenic conversion memiliki beberapa manifestasi yang menarik pada bakteri patogen yang hanya menggunakan faktor virulensi tertentu ketika berada dalam keadaan terlisogenasi. Cth: 1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae hanya dapat menghasilkan toksin yang responsibel terhadap penyakit jika membawa temperate virus called phage beta. 2. hanya streptokokki terlisogenasi yang menghasilkan toksin eritrogenik (pyrogenik toxin) ruam-ruam pada kulit Beberapa kanker pada manusia mungkin disebabkan oleh virus yang membuat keadaan sel manusia analog denan lysogeny pada bakteri

  20. Corynebacterium diphtheriae only produces diphtheria toxin when lysogenized by beta phage.C. diphtheriae strains that lack the prophage do not produce diphtheria toxin and do not cause the disease diphtheria. Surprisingly, the genetic information for production of the toxin is found to be on the phage chromosome, rather than the bacterial chromosome.

  21. Terapi phaga Phage therapy terapetik menggunakan bakteriophaga untuk mengobati infeksi bakteri patogen. An important benefit of phage therapy is derived from the observation that bacteriophages are much more specific than most antibiotics that are in clinical use. Theoretically, phage therapy is harmless to the eucaryotic host undergoing therapy, and it should not affect the beneficial normal flora of the host. Phage therapy also has few, if any, side effects, as opposed to drugs, and does not stress the liver. Since phages are self-replicating in their target bacterial cell, a single, small dose is theoretically efficacious. On the other hand, this specificity may also be disadvantageous because a specific phage will only kill a bacterium if it is a match to the specific subspecies. Thus, phage mixtures may be applied to improve the chances of success, or clinical samples can be taken and an appropriate phage identified and grown.Phages are currently being used therapeutically to treat bacterial infections that do not respond to conventional antibiotics, particularly in the country of Georgia. They are reported to be especially successful where bacteria have constructed a biofilm composed of a polysaccharide matrix that antibiotics cannot penetrate.

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