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Paula Mikkelsen Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY

Paula Mikkelsen Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY. Bivalvia Factoids. 2 nd largest molluscan class, ~ 20,000 extant species 100+ extant families Cambrian origin, excellent fossil record filter feeders to carnivores; 1 mm to giant clam

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Paula Mikkelsen Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY

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  1. Paula Mikkelsen Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY

  2. Bivalvia Factoids • 2nd largest molluscan class, ~ 20,000 extant species • 100+ extant families • Cambrian origin, excellent fossil record • filter feeders to carnivores; 1 mm to giant clam • often dominant biomass in aquatic habitats • key part of world fisheries & aquaculture • important ecological and economic threat species • endangered freshwater taxa Zebra mussels Ship worms Freshwater mussels

  3. Morphological Diversity Mikkelsen & Bieler (2008) Princeton University Press

  4. Mikkelsen & Bieler (2008) Princeton University Press

  5. Long research history • Conflicting single-character classifications • Hinges • Adductor muscles • Siphons • Ctenidia • Ciliation • Stomachs • Early numerical approaches (Purchon 1978)

  6. Steps toward a synthesis Johnston & Haggart (1998) Harper et al. (2000) Taylor (1996) Bieler (2006)

  7. Conflicting hypotheses Alternative hypotheses of higher bivalve relationships based on neontological (A, B, C, D), paleontological (E), molecular (G) and combined morphology + molecular evidence (F)

  8. Meroinae Gafrariinae Taxonomic coverage – pre-2006 (ex 825 spp.) Dosiniinae Sunettinae Gouldiinae Chioninae (1) (2) (2) (3) Clementiniinae Samaranginae Tapetinae Gemminae (1) (2) (6) Cyclininae Meretricinae Pitarinae Venerinae (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) Lioconchinae Callocardiinae Callistinae (1) Mikkelsen, et al. 2006. Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148: 439-521. 18 taxa ( 9 morphological) ( 15 molecular )

  9. Meroinae Gafrariinae (2) (1) (1) Taxonomic coverage – 2006 study Dosiniinae Sunettinae Gouldiinae Chioninae (6) (6) (2) (10) (6) (8) (7) Clementiniinae Samaranginae Tapetinae Gemminae (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (27) (18) Cyclininae Meretricinae Pitarinae Venerinae (2) (1) (20) (11) (8) (5) (4) (4) Lioconchinae Callocardiinae Callistinae (1) (2) (1) (2) (2) Mikkelsen, et al. 2006. Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148: 439-521. 114 taxa ( 103 morphological ) ( 65 molecular )

  10. Pitarinae s.s. Callistinae Gemminae Tapetinae Dosiniinae Molecular analysis Arctica islandica Corbicula fluminea Glauconome rugosa Glauconome chinensis Calyptogena magnifica Gafrarium tumidum Circe cf. rivularis Circe plicatina Circe nummulina Circe scripta Circe rivularis Circe rivularis Gafrarium dispar Hyphantosoma caperi Lioconcha ornata Petricolaria pholadiformis Petricola lapicida Pitar simpsoni Pitarina citrina Pitarina japonica Pitar fulminatus Turtonia minuta Gomphina undulosa Macrocallista nimbosa Costacallista impar Costacallista lilacina Compsomyax subdiaphana Megapitaria squalida Tivela stultorum Parastarte triquetra Gemma gemma Nutricola tantilla Tivela mactroides Venerupis galactites Irus crenatus Ruditapes decussatus Paphia dura Paphia vernicosa Paphia euglypta Neotapes undulata Ruditapes philippinarum (male) Tuditapes philippinarum (female) Ruditapes bruguieri Katelysia scalarina Katelysia sp. 2 Katelysia sp. 1 Katelysia rhytiphonra Mercenaria mercenaria Mercenaria mercenaria (GB) Anomalocardia auberiana Chamelea gallina Venus verrucosa Periglypta listeri Antigona lamellaris Eurhomalea lenticularis Pectunculus exoleta Dosinia sp. 2 Dosinia sp. 1 Dosinia victoriae 100 99 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 89 100 100 100 100 100 98 71 98 100 100 100 78 99 97 100 94 100 100 100 56 taxa, 11 of 17 SFs 16S, COI, 28S, H3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Veneroidea NOT Veneridae NOT 100 100 Veneridae + 100 100 91 100 100 83 100 100 91 100 100 100 96 100 99 Subfamilies 5 of 11 100 93 100 100 100 100 100 97 100 100 100 191 36 227 new GB total 98 100 Mikkelsen, et al. 2006. Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148: 439-521. 90 Bayesian, 50% MR consensus 90% PP / 70% BP 100 96 100 90 100 99

  11. NSF Environmental Biology > Assembling the Tree of Life • Goal: reconstruct bivalve ToL • 5-year grant, $3 million DEB-0732854 - 0732903 - 0732860

  12. “BivAToL” research goals • Reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for 283 representatives of all 100+ families based on a combination of shell, soft-anatomy, and molecular characters. • Explore new or previously underutilized anatomical and ultra-structural characters (stomach, gills, sperm, mantle), and a suite of new nuclear protein-coding genes never before used for bivalves. • Estimate the time origin of the major bivalve clades based on molecular sequence and fossil data.

  13. Targeted Markers (ca. 10) PCR amplified genes (tissues in EtOH or RNAlater) • Nuclear ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) • Nuclear protein-encoding genes: Histones H3 and H4 • Mitochondrial genes rt-PCR amplified genes (tissues in RNAlater) • Nuclear protein-encoding genes: Histones H3 and H4 • Myosin heavy chain type II • Elongation factors • RNA polymerases • Sodium-Potassium ATPase α-subunit gene • Ribosomal proteins

  14. John Taylor (BMNH) Sarah Chicone (PRI) John Zardus (Citadel) Brian Gollands (PRI) Dan Graf (ANSP) Gerhard Haszprunar (Munich) Liz Harper (U Cambr.) Tom Waller (NMNH) Protostome AToL Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Ellen Strong (NMNH) Rob Ross (PRI) John Healy (U Qld) Deidre Gonsalves-Jackson (VWC) ToLWeb Tim Collins (FIU) Gonzalo Giribet (MCZ) Paula Mikkelsen (PRI) Rüdiger Bieler (FMNH)

  15. Morphology Rüdiger Bieler Paula Mikkelsen –gills + veneroids Ellen Strong – stomach Liz Harper – anomalos John Taylor – shell + lucinoids Tom Waller – paleo+pectinoids Gerhard Haszprunar – mantle John Healy – sperm Molecules Gonzalo Giribet Tim Collins – heterodonts John Zardus – protobranchs + development Dan Graf – unionoids Outreach Paula Mikkelsen Rob Ross – informal education Sarah Chicone – exhibit Deirdre Gonsalves-Jackson – undergrad curriculum + reprod Brian Gollands –webmaster / IT 3 “Hubs” Character masters Clade masters

  16. Outreach Component ($500K) • Teaching Evolution using Bivalves • Teacher development resources (K-12) • Undergraduate curriculum (undergrad) • Traveling exhibit (public) • Website – “one-stop shop” for bivalve info (public +) • http://www.bivatol.org

  17. Currentstatus • Target taxa (283) & and short-term subset (80) • Preservation protocols • Specimen tracking & collections support in place • Student/postdoc recruiting underway • Outreach advisory board formed • Project server & webmaster in place • Website http://www.bivatol.org • Specimen acquisition underway

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