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Physiological Characteristics

Metabolism = sum of all chemical reactions in a cell Catabolism = breakdown Output of energy Anabolism = synthesis Input of energy. Enzymes = proteins that catalyze reactions Coenzymes = enzymes that assist NAD (niacin) FAD (folic acid) Coenzyme A Exoenzyme s = excreted enzymes

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Physiological Characteristics

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  1. Metabolism = sum of all chemical reactions in a cell Catabolism = breakdown Output of energy Anabolism = synthesis Input of energy Enzymes = proteins that catalyze reactions Coenzymes = enzymes that assist NAD (niacin) FAD (folic acid) Coenzyme A Exoenzymes = excreted enzymes DNAse, protease, amylase Physiological Characteristics

  2. Cellular Respiration • Energy within glucose = slowly released & ATP is formed • Involves oxidation-reduction enzymes (NAD+ and FAD) • Oxidation = loss of electrons and hydrogen ions • Reduction = gain of electrons and hydrogen ions

  3. = 686 kcal Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 36 ATP = 263 kcal Cellular Respiration = 39% Efficient

  4. Anaerobic pathway Does not require O2 Glycolysis followed by reduction of pyruvate to: alcohol & CO2 Or lactate Fermentation = 2.1 % Efficient

  5. Fermentation: Glucose---> acid + gas Phenol red = pH indicator Red: pH >7 Yellow: pH < 7 (acidic) Durham tube = gas bubble E.coli = ferments glucose Glucose Fermentation

  6. Glucose fermentation --->organic acids + gas Lactic, acetic, succinic, formic acids CO2 & H2 MR-VP = glucose + peptone + phosphate Methyl red = pH indicator Red: pH < 4.4 (acidic) Yellow: pH > 6 Gram-negative intestinal bacteria Escherichia, Proteus, Aeromonas, Salmonella Mixed-Acid Fermentation(Methyl-Red Test)

  7. Tests for indophenol oxidase Oxidizes redox dye: yellow  purple Found in bacteria that carry out respiration & use oxygen as the terminal e- acceptor Oxidase + (Pseudomonas) Oxidase - (Enterobacteria & E. coli) METHOD Touch STERILE swab to colony Break ampule of oxidase reagent Squeeze reagent onto swab Wait 10-30 seconds Oxidase Test

  8. catalase 2 H202 -------------->2 H20 + 02 Aerobes = catalase + Staphylococci Anaerobes & aerotolerant = catalase - Streptococci Enterococci METHOD Add H202 to slide Add bacteria to slide using sterile swab Catalase degrades H202 to release 02 (bubbles) Catalase

  9. Litmus milk = 10% skim milk + pH indicator Alkaline Reaction = blue or purple (Proteolytic bacteria) Acid Reaction = pink (fermentative bacteria) Coagulation = curdles Peptonization = translucent or brown Ropiness = slimy residue Litmus Milk Reactions

  10. Table 4.6a

  11. Table 4.6b

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