Prof. Alberto R. Ferreres, MD, FACS

1. TREATMENT OF MEDICAL ERROR ISSUES AT SURGICAL M&M CONFERENCE Prof. Alberto R. Ferreres, MD, FACS

2. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE MEDICAL ERROR IN M&M CONFERENCE

3. LA RESPONSABILIDAD MEDICA Y LA PRACTICA COTIDIANA

4. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Medical Error The failure of a planned action to be completed as intended (error of execution) or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim (error of planning) I.O.M, “To Err is Human”, 1999

5. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE The first great error in Surgery is unnecessary operation, and the next is the undertaking of a major operation which the surgeon is not technically fitted to perform Thorek M, 1937

6. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Distinction between Adverse Event Medical Error

7. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Frequency of adverse events in Surgery 0.6%-33% Couch NP, Tilney NL, Rayner AA te al, N.Engl.J.Med., 1981 Rosen AK, Geraci JM, Ash AS et al. Med. Care, 1992 17% with complications Khuri S, Daley J, Henderson W et al; J.Am. Coll.Surg., 1995 Surgical admissions higher index than clinical ones Kable AK, Gibberd RW, Spigelman AD, Int. J. Qual.Health Care, 2002

8. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE M & M Conference This “gold hour” is the most important hour in the surgical week The only time when one can dispassionately and scientifically dissect an error and learn how to avoid that error in the future

9. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE “…If the set bone festers, and the slave suffers, the conclave of elders will convene and deliberate lest the healer know not of his error” Edwin Smith Papyrus (case XVI) Breasted JH: The Edwin Smith Papyrus, University of Chicago Press, IL, 1930

10. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Historical Background 1910-1912: Cabot 1912: Codman_ end result system 1917: ACS_ standardized case report system 1935: Anesthesia Mortality Committee 1940: Anesthesia Study Commission 1983: ACGME_ mandated “weekly review of all complications and deaths”

11. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE M&MC Peer review of surgical judgment Analysis of outcomes Statistical instrument Quality management tool

12. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE M&MC It is designed to identify medical errors and complications in order to learn from them to improve medical practice. It is an institutional expression of our responsibility to face and profit from our mistakes, both as individuals and as a profession. Orlander JD et al Acad.Med., 2002; 77: 1001-06

13. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Guiding Principles of M&MC Medicine is difficult and fallible Errors are inevitable, but they give us a tool to improve our skill as physicians The goal is not to criticize but to profit by sharing and examining our experience.

14. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE For decades the M&MC was state-of-the-art in error analysis and prevention, but it has fallen behind the current understanding of error analysis and prevention There are 3 major reasons for this:

15. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Developed in an era of “one surgeon, one patient” Fails to appropiately analyze or address the complex systems in which modern surgeons functions There has been an explosion in the science of understanding, preventing and ameliorating human error An understanding of these 3 factors must precede any discussion regarding strengths and weaknesses

16. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Surgeons have traditionally insisted on “a fierce ethic of personal responsibility” Gawande AA, Zinner MJ, Studdert DM et al, Surgery, 2003; 133: 614-621

17. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Cultivation of individual accountability is essential in training superb surgeons In 2006, a focus on individual accountability simply does not go far enough, often leading to a single cause (“error in surgical judgement”) when multiple causes contribute M&MCs do not focus on near misses

18. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Principles of individual responsibility should not be translated to approaches that involve “naming, blaming and shaming” when errors occur Casarett D, Helms C, Acad. Med., 1999; 74: 19-22

19. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Weaknesses Intense focus on individual responsibility No consideration of systems involved Non supportive environment o conductive to learning Near misses rarely discussed Error prevention are not adequately emphasized No systemic follow-up

20. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE CONS Culture of surgical teams Hierarchical structure Constant drive to achieve excellence Emphasis on personal accountability Sharp focus on personal responsibility

21. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Surgical Errors vs. Errors in the Aviation Industry

22. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE The “system” of surgical care Any trauma patient in an academic medical center will be cared by: A host of physicians and surgeons Nurses Respiratory therapists Pharmacists Other providers Several hundred pieces of equipment, computers, software and complex machinery support

23. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE High Reliability Organization (HRO) Constantly concerned about failure and insist on learning from failure Explore contributing factors, go beyond simple explanations Intensely focused on front-line operations Develop safety nets Rely on expertise regardless of hierarchy Weick K, Sutcliffe K, 2001

24. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE In order to assess the extent to which M&MC promotes development of shared mental models, there is a need to measure the extent to which conference participants acquire consistent knowledge of error and injury prevention strategies and reach agreement with respect to the analysis of cases presented during the meeting.

25. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE The development of shared or compatible mental models is highly effective in improving both individual and team performance Gaba DM: Human error in dynamic medical domains, 1994

26. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE M&MC MATRIX Length Specific recommendations for case selection Preparation Moderation Presentation content and format Communication Discussion

27. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE M&MC EVALUATION (I) In your opinion, was this complication avoidable? Yes □ No □ Not sure □ 2) In your opinion, was consensus reached? Yes □ No □ Not sure □ 3) Which of the following factors was the primary cause? Diagnostic error/s □ Error/s in judgement □ Technical error/s □ Nature of the disease □ Others □

28. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE M&MC EVALUATION (II) 4) When, during the admission, did the primary cause occur? Pre-op □ Intra-op □ Post-op □ 5) Which of the following actions could prevent similar problems in the future? Modified patient selection Surgical timing Improved communication Improved surgical technique Improved post-op care: diligence □ knowledge □ judgement □ Improved access to lab & diagnostic tests Alternative surgical decisions Improved preop. preparation of surgical team improved intraop. judgement Improved communication care team Altered level of postop. control

29. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE M&MC for the 21st. Century Error Analysis Root cause analysis HFMEA (Health mode and effect analysis) Commitment to developing systems approaches to preventing, catching and ameliorating error

30. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Errors in the OR

31. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Foreign Bodies

32. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Wrong site surgery Wrong site Wrong side Wrong body part Wrong patient Wrong procedure Wrong level (spinal surgery)

33. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Accountability Excellence Honesty Integrity Mutual respect Adverse events, errors and near misses should be considered learning opportunities

34. MEDICAL ERROR AT M&M CONFERENCE Strategies to enhance the value of M&M Better preparation for the conference Use of evidence-based information Focussed discussion of cases Discussion of error within systems´ context Greater participation and involvement of faculty Maintenance of records Development of educational framework Routine discussion of near misses

36. Thank you for your attention!