Literature vs. Popular Fiction

1. Literature vs. Popular Fiction Think of it like a restaurant experience. McDonalds or Cuisine

2. Columbus’ Journey de Vaca’s Journey

3. de Verazzano’s Journey Drake’s Journey

4. Champlain’s Journey Pre contact native American populations

5. John Smith Jamestown (1607) WilliamBradford Plymouth (1620)

6. A scene from the annual Columbus Day parade in Boston

7. 1492 - Conquest of Paradise (1992)

8. Response - underline a section of your reading to share. What do the explorer accounts value? How did the reality of the account differ from your expectation?

9. Christopher Columbus: The Untold Story http://www.understandingprejudice.org/nativeiq/columbus.htm#source14 Since 1971 Columbus Day has been celebrated in the U.S. as federal holiday, and on October 9, 2002, President George W. Bush issued a presidential proclamation celebrating "Columbus' bold expedition [and] pioneering achievements," directing that "the flag of the United States be displayed on all public buildings on the appointed day in honor of Christopher Columbus." [13] Missing from this proclamation was any mention of violence, slavery, religious persecution, or the pursuit of gold. Yet Columbus himself was more forthcoming about how he should be remembered. In a letter penned a few years before his death, Columbus wrote: "I ought to be judged as a captain who for such a long time up to this day has borne arms without laying them aside for an hour."

11. How can the following words be used in the context of the explorer accounts? conversion subjugation exploitation colonization infection

12. John Smith Europeans had been travelling around the edges of the New World for over 100 years before Smith arrives. There was an audience for information about the New World. Jamestown - 1607 - He was on the first ship that established Jamestown. Began with 100 men and were down to 38 within a year. professional soldier, self promoter, adventurer, entrepreneur, smooth talker, salesman who becomes a uniquely “American” figure. coined the term “New England” He is rugged individualism and ambitious materialist and self centered braggart all in one.

13. His account is written in 3rd person and places him at its center. The encounter with Powhatan’s men and Pochahontas is based entirely on his own experience and its authenticity is questioned. Pocahontas was only 11 years old and Smith was probably in his thirties. Powhatan would have seen a political advantage to having his daughter connected to Smith. Jamestown is carved from the wilderness as a money making venture by the Virginia Co. Smith promotes the natural resources and socio economic possibilities--keying in on the hopes and fears of Europeans. “...as here every man may be master of his own labor and land…”

14. The editors claim that Smith “gave expression to some of the most enduring and cherished American beliefs.” Take a look at the copy provided and highlight places that do this.

15. “…I would rather live here than anywhere; and if it did not maintain itself, were be but once indifferently well fitted, let us starve” (45). THIS IS A LAND OF PLENTY “…and here are no hard landlords to rack us with high rents, or extorting fines, nor tedious pleas in law to consume us…” (46) YOU CAN BE AN INDIVIDUAL AND SELF RELIANT “…here every man may be master of his own labor and land…and if he have nothing but his hands, he may set up his trade; and by industry quickly grow rich…” (46) IF YOU ARE WILLING TO WORK HARD YOU CAN BE SUCCESSFUL “here nature and liberty affords us that freely which in England we want, or it costs us dearly…” (46) THERE IS A KIND OF FREEDOM THAT ONLY EXISTS HERE “though they fish but an hour in a day, to take more than they can eat in a week…”(47) THERE IS FOOD FOR EVERYONE “For hunting also, the woods, lakes and rivers afford not only chase sufficient for any that delights in that kind of toil or pleasure, but such beasts to hunt, that besides the delicacy of their bodies for food, their skins are so rich as they will recompense thy daily labor with a captain’s pay” (47). THERE ARE RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR ANYONE “each parish, or village, in city, or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people that have small wealth to live on, here by their labor may live exceeding well” (47). THIS IS A PERFECT PLACE FOR THE UNDERPRIVLEDGED TO MAKE SOMETHING OF THEMSELVES

16. William Bradford Mayflower 1620 November - poor weather - Cape Cod There is nothing here - only native Americans who are fearful of the Europeans and vice versa. They are separatists from the Church of England. They did not refer to themselves as Pilgrims but that is what they came to be called. He places the journey and plight once they have arrived in a religious context and speaks as if they are the Israelites in search of the promised land. “So they committed themselves to the will of God and resolved to proceed. All that occurs is “God’s will.” “He was one of America’s first great men.” --editors Why? List the accomplishments of Bradford particularly and those around him.

17. The religious context of the pilgrims, along with that of some of the subsequent immigrants, contributes to a cultural conversation to this day about the place of religion in our society and whether we were founded as a Christian nation-- even though it would be well over a century before a group of Deists organized the first government of the newly formed United States. Native Americans and the wilderness surrounding them is dark, potentially evil and savage. Only 50 of 102 would survive the first year. Bradford’s wife was lost overboard while he was ashore. Mayflower Compact Leadership Compact with the Indians Peace

18. “He was one of America’s first great men.” --editors Why? List the accomplishments of Bradford particularly and those around him.

19. The Mayflower Compact… “was the ‘first foundation’ of direct popular government in America while feudal forms persisted in Europe” (58). Agreement Between the Settlers at New Plymouth : 1620 IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King,Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts ofVirginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience.IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, Anno Domini; 1620.

20. Responsible for instituting and maintaining a peace with the Indians “now continued this 24 years” and was kept for fifty-four years (59). 1. That neither he nor any of his should injure or do hurt to any of their people. 2. That if any of his did hurt to any of theirs, he should send the offender, that they might punish him. 3. That if anything were taken away from any of theirs, he should cause it to be restored; and they should do the like to his. 4. If any did unjustly war against him, they would aid him; 5. He should send to his neighbors confederates to certify them of this, that they might not wrong them, but might be likewise comprised in the conditions of peace. 6.That when their men came to them, they should leave their bows and arrows behind them. “From 1621 until his death, Bradford probably possessed more power than any other colonial governor; yet he refused the opportunity to become sole proprietor and maintained the democratic principles suggested in the Mayflower Compact” (50). humility, fairness, intelligence, respectful

21. John Winthrop - Winthrop was part of a Puritan group that established the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630. Puritans - sought to “purify” their religion, the Church of England - professional class, wealthier - Winthrop was a lawyer who had worked in English government service This group differed from that of the separatists, which made up the Plymouth colony beginning in 1620.. Separatists (pilgrims) - sought to separate from the Church of England - more working class, less educated and not wealthy - Bradford

22. Massachusetts Bay Colony - government is selected by the people but then those leaders get their authority from “God” and are accountable only to “God.” Has been described as a sort of theocracy where the religious and civic authorities are the same. Plymouth Colony - government was based on the covenant of the Mayflower Compact where the leaders operate through the consent of the governed and are answerable to the people.

23. A Model of Christian Charity An essay on challenges and responsibilities of building a Christian society in the wilderness. God dictates the condition of man from kings to slaves. 1. Variety and difference of creatures is evidence of his wisdom. 2. Gives more opportunity to have occasions where His spirit can be manifested. 3. That every man might have need of another - to make them all more close No one is any more honorable/wealthy than another because of their own efforts or lack thereof - rather it is because that is how God intends it to be. “All men being thus (by divine providence) ranked into two sorts, rich and poor; under the first are comprehended all such as are able to live comfortably by their own means duly improved; and all others are poor according to the former distribution” (74).

24. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Examples of people who were banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson for antinomianism - the belief that members of a particular religious group are under no obligation to obey the laws of ethics or morality as presented by religious authorities. Williams for: 1. He thought that the Puritans should acknowledge Separatism as the logical consequence of congregationalism (where each church is its own entity) 2. stated that the charter granting the MBC land was invalid because it wasn’t theirs to give - it was the Indians 3. believed that civil magistrates had no right to enforce teh first four commandments which were matters of conscience and regarding the rest - stick only to those with social consequences. ie. Do not kill.

25. Over time the Plymouth model become the dominant one and eventually the Puritan religion dies out in the face of evolving enlightenment views that emphasized rationality and argument and critical thought. Contemporary Connotation Puritan/Puritanical - puritanical is an adjective often used to describe an individual or organization that is perceived as overly rigid, strict, prudish, squeamish, particular around the issue of sexuality

26. 1630 Plymouth had a population of 300 By the end of the year 17 more ships and the pop. expanded to 1000 more 10 years later the population icreases to 20,000 (1640) Immigration steadily increases placing more and more pressure on the land and created more and more tensions with the Native Americans 1675-76 Open hostilities broke out in a series of Indian raids on scattered settlements and the colonists retaliated the best they could. Culminates in King Phillips War - Metacomet, or “King Phillip” was the son of the chief of the Wapanoags, Massasoit, who signed the original treaty with the pilgrims at Plymouth in 1621 - the “peace” last 54 years. It is in the context of this conflict that Mary Rolwlandson’s narrative is set. Mary Rowlandson

27. Captivity Narrative - a genre of literature of the time that emphasized triumph over adversity • a theme of redemption by faith • true events but fictional elements • perpetuate the idea of a Native American “other” “By August 1676, the war was over; King Philip was dead, his body drawn and quartered, and his head displayed upon a pole in Plymouth. Indian power within New England was virtually at an end” (123)

28. If this is your only source of information about the New World, what do you learn? It is only by virtue of this woman’s faith, does she summon the strength to endure these horrible situations. • this is shown through a continuous reliance on biblical verses to support the protagonist during her plight Native Americans are almost inhuman creatures, godless, immoral, and filthy • “mutherous wretches” “barbarous creatures” “black creatures” “a vively resemblance to hell” “savages with no hearts or souls” “no matter if my head were off too” “kindness shewed me” “a company of hellhounds” “they brought me two biscuits” “stript him naked and split open his bowels” “lovely faces of Christians and the foul looks of these Heathens” “gave me a piece of bear [in return for sewing]” “she snatched it [bible] hastily out of my hand and threw it out the door” “ravenous beasts” “his master roasted him”

29. Anne Bradstreet The Author to Her Book To My Dear and Loving Husband In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th 1666 These poems suggest the rich, inner life of an educated and articulate Puritan women in the second half of the 17th Century. Subjects: art, self reflection, gender roles, marriage, love, material vs. spiritual, personal tragedy, faith

30. Reading Poetry Who is speaking to whom and why? When How

31. Puritanism Core of New England clergy were the most powerful and radical (Mather) Early on civil and religious leaders were the same but by 1700 the clergy’s civel powers began to erode. Core belief is that Predestination of the Elect alone would ensure salvation - not faith or doing good deeds, etc.

32. Puritanism continued Editors admit that while the puritans seem excessively grim to a 21st C. reader - and there is a stereotype of stern people wearing steeple crown hats and buckled shoes persecuting those suspected of being witches. In fact, they were well educated, independent thinkers that insisted on common schools, founded the first college in America - Harvard (1636) and the first printing press in America in 1638.

33. Use a dictionary and paraphrase this description of Mather “...a victim of circumstances, ‘stretched every instant of his life, on the rack of ostentatious exertion, intellectual and religious,..in deference to a dreadful system of ascetic and pharisaic formalism, in which his nature was hopelessly enmeshed’...” (178).

34. Cotton Mather “...Wonders of the Invisible World (1693) is a vigorous analysis of the validity of evidence against witches, which still evokes the morbid fascination of reasoned error” (179). The last of a “dynasty” of Mathers that were the dominant hierarchy in New England Enrolled at Harvard at eleven (established by the Puritans in 1636) Master of Arts at eighteen Entered the ministry in Boston where he eventually succeeded his father There he spent his life “in a superhuman ferment of activity and publication…” (178)

35. “Mather... has been viewed as a pedantic egotist, a reactionary, and a bigoted witch-hunter; yet it seems only just to remember also that he was fighting a losing battle for the survival of an ideal and a theology that to him were life itself, while the tide of a new age, secular and materialistic, crumbled the defenses about his zealot’s Zion” (178). “In his all consuming study he amassed two thousand books, the largest of the colonial libraries; his scientific speculations secured his election tot he Royal Society; his ceasless writing produced 444 bound volumes, fourteen of them in one year in which he also continued to perform his duties as paster and observed twenty vigils and sixty fasts. It is reported that he kept 450 fasts during his life and once publicly humiliated himself for his sins. In modern terms this suggest a state of hysteria a Puritan tragedy of genius. When he died in 1728, he had survived three wives--the last died insane--he had outlived all but two of fifteen children and one of the survivors had gone far astray” (178).

36. Enchantments Encountered I. “a squalid, horried, American desert” “The New Englanders are a people of God settled in those which were once the Devil’s Territories” “The Devil is now making one more attempt on us” “...if we get well through, we shall soon enjoy Halcyon days with all the Vultures of Hell trodden under our feet.”

37. The Trial of Bridget Bishop spectral evidence - the shape of the accused (fn#2) incubus -an evil spirit who descends on sleeping people evil eye/overlooked - a witch could harm someone by looking at them nightmare - familiar spirit poppets - dolls or images preternatural teat - deformities or blemishes were taken as signs of serving the devil

38. Last Slide! Almost 200 years later, Nathaniel Hawthorne, a descendenat of one of the judges of the Salem witch trials would wrestle with the issue of morality and social resposibility Take a look at his version of the “general meeting of the witches in a field at Salem Village and there partook of a diabolical sacrament in bread and wine then administerd” (121). For tomorrow - Read Hawthorne’s short story “Young Goodman Brown” (pg. 640 or 1310) Quiz!