Introduction

1. Newcastle Yacht ClubNavigation Info SessionSaturday, January 29, 2011Bart BiesBrian BrennanHarvey Ostrander

2. Introduction • Welcome • Introductions • Washrooms • Formal Presentation • Break • Real World Examples • Informal Questions and Answers • Hopefully go for 3 hours (to 4pm)

3. Agenda • Navigation Theory • Navigation Tools • Skills • Reading Lat/Long from chart • Plotting a course • Ded Reckoning • Fixing a position • Calculating Distance, Speed, and Time • Real Word Examples: • Sail Boat leaving Newcastle for Cobourg • Power Boat leaving Cobourg • Course to avoid Peter’s Rock • Sail Boat leaving Cobourg • Determining when to tack

4. Latitude • Angular distance from the equator • Place on earth North or South of the equator • Equator is 0°, North Pole is 90° • First part of a co-ordinate (LA before LO) • Lines of latitude form a circle parallel to the equator • May have heard of the 49th Parallel

5. Longitude • Angular distance from the prime meridian • Place on earth East or West of the prime meridian • 0° to 180° eastward and 180° westward • Second part of a co-ordinate (LO after LA) • Lines of longitude are closer together near the poles • May have heard of the100th meridian“Where the great plains begin”

6. Co-Ordinates • Where you are anyplace on earth • Expressed in latitude and longitude • LA before LO (latitude before longitude) • Degrees, minutes, seconds • one degree can be divided into 60 minutes (') • one minute can be divided into 60 seconds (“) • Also 10ths of a second • Newcastle Pier is at: N 43° 53’ 66.0” W 78° 34’ 54.6” N 43° 53.66’ W 78° 34.55’ N 43 5366 W 78 3455 N 43 53.660 W 78 34.546

7. Nautical Mile • One Nautical Mile = 1.15 statute miles = 1.85 km • How did they arrive at this? • The earth at the equator is approximately 25,000 statute miles round • Earth is measured in 360 degrees • Or 360 x 60 = 21,600 minutes • Divide circumference by number of minutes • 25,000 / 21,600 = 1.15 • Distance equal to one minute of latitude • If you have two positions on the same degree longitude and different latitudes • Take the difference and convert to minutes • You have the distance apart in nautical miles • Q: What is the distance between two lines of latitude (one degree/60 minutes)? • Q: How far south are we from the 49th parallel?

8. KNOTS • Speed through water • Boat moving through the water at a speed on ONE NAUTICAL MILE PER HOURis said to be moving at a speed on ONE KNOT • Boat moving at a speed of 10 NAUTICAL MILES PER HOURis said to move at a speed of 10 KNOTS • Don’t say 10 KNOTS per hour

9. Magnetic Compass • Points to Magnetic North Pole • Different than the geographic pole that the earth rotates on. • All charts use the True North Pole • Magnetic North Pole moves slightly with time

10. Correcting Compass Errors • Must convert Compass direction to True, as chart is done in True (and vice versa) • Variation is the failure of the compass to point to true north • is read from the compass rose on the chart • is the same for all boats in the same area • is the same for all directions in the same area • For our exercises, use variation of 12° W • Deviation is the failure of the compass to point to magnetic north • is caused by local magnetic fields on the boat. • is specific to an individual boat • changes with the boats heading • is read from the Deviation Table on the boat. • is effectively ZERO if using a hand bearing compass away from magnetic interference • For our exercises, use deviation of ZERO • NOTE: You can also configure your instruments to display True bearings

11. Compass Rose • True bearing on chart • Shows magnetic variation from True • Magnetic variation from year to year • Used to plot a course • For our exercises, use the compass rose closest to Cobourg: • 11°W in 1989 • Annual increase of 4’W • 22 years x 4’ = 88 minutes • Which gives us 12.28°W variation • Therefore, use 12°W for all compass variation calculations

12. Converting Compass Readings • T)ele V)ision M)akes D)ull C)hildren add W)onder • T)rue V)irgins M)ake D)ull C)ompany • Examples: • 192C • 000C • 108T

13. TVMDC Execises • See Information Sheet handouts

14. Tools of Navigation • What about marine electronics? • GPS Chartplotter Loran Radar • Need backup • Hard to plan course with GPS • Charting Tools • Charts • Pencils and Sharpener • Erasers • Rulers • Dividers • Magnifying glass • Log Book or pad of paper • A direction seeking device (compass) • A means of sighting and measuring angles • An accurate means of measuring speed • An accurate timepiece

15. Charts • No vessel should be on the water without some form of charts on board • Various commercial publications • Strip charts/ Ports book/Richardsons • Paper Charts • Large stiff paper (rolled or folded) • Chart Title Block • Shows region, scale, units of depth • Bottom left will have date of issue/update • You are responsibility to update them from NOTICE TO MARINERS from Canadian Coast Guard • Changes and additions to the chart • Changes to buoys • New Obstructions • Discontinuation of lights or fog signals • Done online with Canadian Coast Guard • Provided practice charts are photocopies from Rickardsons

16. Reading Co-ordinates • From point use ruler to move to scales on edges of the chart • left/right for latitude • top/bottom for longitude • From the provided chart, read the co-ordinates of the following: • Port of Newcastle light house • Westleyville stack • Port Hope harbour entrance • Cobourg harbour entrance • On the chart provided, identify the following from co-ordinates: • N43 51.032 W78 43.737 • N43 56.090 W78 13.813

17. Reading Distances • Use dividers • Always read distances from the lattitude (side) of the chart. • From the provided chart, calculate the distances from: • Newcastle to Port Darlington • Oshawa buoy to SW corner of Darlington exclusion zone • Port Hope to Peter’s Rock buoy • Peter’s Rock buoy to Cobourg harbour entrance

18. Plotting a Course • Boat leaves Newcastle heading south at 4 KNOTS at 10am • Compass Bearing 192 • Must calculate compass variation and deviation for True bearing • Draw a circle at your starting point • Record time below circle • This is called a FIX • Draw course line • Walk with Rulers from compass rose (or calculate angle with protractor) • Put True bearing above line • Put Speed in knots below line

19. Deduced Reckoning • Ded Reckoning is an estimate of where you are based on • Previously known position (FIX) • Speed/Course/Time • Indicated with a half circle on course line • Put time (HHMM) below it • From the previous example, how far out will you be in: • One hour • Two hours

20. Fixing a Position • Need two or more lines of position (LOP) • Should be 120° apart. • Done with handheld bearing device • Must convert bearing to True • Example:You have sailed for several hours from Newcastle and you take the following bearings: • Newcastle light house 042C • Darlington light house 322C • St Mary’s Cement pier 302C • Where are you? • Latitude/Longitude? • What depth of water should you be in • How far from Newcastle are you?

21. Calulating Distance and Time • Simple algebra • There are some slide rule tools to calculate this • Use a calculator • Speed in KNOTS • Distance in Nautical Miles • Time is in minutes • Examples • Distance 12 nm and taken 10 hours, what was your speed? • Distance 50 nm average speed was 6 KNOTS, how long it take you? • 4.5 KNOTS speed for 12 ½ hours, how far have you gone?

22. LOG Sheet • Sheet or pad of paper • Jot down events as they happen or as situations/conditions change • Can be transferred to a log book later

23. Example: Newcastle to Cobourg (Bart) • Sailing Vessel leaves Newcastle under sail at 1000 with wind from N (beam reach) • Course 120 for 2 hours @ 3 knots • What is your estimated position (latitude/longitude)? • What depth of water should you be in (feet/fathoms)? • How many nautical miles are you from Cobourg? • What course should you take? • What is your ETA? • Change Course to this new bearing and you find your speed increased to 6 knots • What is your new ETA? • When Port Hope if off your beam, you take three bearings • Port Hope 320C • Westleyville stack 106C • Radio Tower 186 ft tall 057C • Fix a position using these three bearings; are you close to your course? • How far from the Port Hope harbour entrance are you? • Are you going to clear Peter’s Rock?

24. Example: Powerboat Cobourg to Newcastle (Harvey) • Powerboat leaves Cobourg at 1000 • What compass course should you take to avoid Peter’s Rock? • You want to avoid the buoy by 500M to the south • After clearing Peter’s Rock, you change course to 243 • What is your ETA to Newcastle? • You really need to get back, so you increase speed to 12 knots • You hit something under the water, shearing your prop off • You determine you aren’t sinking, so you take some bearings: • Westleyville stack 062C • Newcastle light house 284C …before calling the coast guard for assistance • What is your position (latitude/longitude) • How far off shore are you? • What depth of water should you be in?

25. Example: Sailboat Cobourg to Newcastle (Brian) • SV Moonlight Hismiztress • Can point 45 degress to the wind • Can tack through 90 degrees • Leaves Cobourg at 1000 close hauled compass bearing 192 at 4 KNOTS • If she tacks right away, will she clear Peter’s Rock? • After 30/60/90 minutes, plot estimated positions, along bearing 192 at 4 KNOTS • If she tacks, will she clear Peter’s Rock, or make it to Newcastle on one tack? • What is the ETA to Newcastle for each case?

26. Example: Real World GPS Track • SV Still Time Leaves Cobourg on May 30, 2010 • Heads due south to try and make Newcastle in one tack • What happened here?

27. Discussion and Questions

28. Bart Biesbart@bies.net (905)626-9447 www. capgemini.com